“…Only two studies have compared standard MMPI clinical scales, including scale Pd, with the MAC scale in terms of investigating differential utility in identifying substance abusing individuals (Clopton & Klein, 1978;Clopton, Weiner, &Davis, 1980). Although the initial findings of the 1978 study indicated standard MMPI scales to have a more accurate classification rate, the 1980 cross-validation found an opposite pattern of results.…”