Use of speech-modulated noise adds strong “bottom-up” cues for phonemic restoration

Bashford, James A.; Warren, Richard M.; Brown, Christopher

doi:10.3758/bf03206810

Cited by 43 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…In this case, it would make sense that they would reject the lexical representation, and thus make a "replaced" response. identification given that the shape of the amplitude was maintained in both the added and replaced stimulus versions (cf., Bashford, Warren, & Brown, 1996;Sherman, 1971). To the extent this occurred, the magnitude of these differences suggests that such cues are not very discriminating for listeners.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prolonged influence of subsequent context on spoken word recognition

Szostak

Pitt

2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Connine, Blasko, and Hall (Journal of Memory and Language 30:234-250, 1991) suggested that within a 1-second temporal window, subsequent biasing information can influence the identification of a previously spoken word. Four experiments further explored this hypothesis. Our participants heard sentences in which an ambiguous target word was followed less than or more than a second later by a word biased in favor of either the target word or another word. Overall, the effects of the contextual biases on responding, measured using phonemic restoration and phoneme identification, were almost as large after 1 second as before 1 second. The implications of these results for defining the window of contextual effects are discussed.Keywords Spoken word recognition . Temporal window . Subsequent context effects . Phoneme restoration . Phoneme identification . Psycholinguistics . Speech perception When hearing running speech, a listener must rapidly transform the continuous acoustic signal into the words that the talker intended. This task is complicated by the fact that the quality of the speech signal can vary in a number of ways, such as when the articulation varies in clarity or environmental noise masks the signal. Despite these challenges, listeners typically have little difficulty identifying the intended words. How is this accomplished?One means of achieving successful word recognition is to utilize information in the surrounding sentential context. For example, in the utterance The feathers were on the = ing, where the = represents noise, feathers can help aid identification of the masked phoneme, since only if the masked phoneme were to be identified as /w/ would the sentence make sense. Ample examples have shown preceding context being used in this way (e.g., Borsky, Tuller, & Shapiro, 1998;Cole, Jakimik, & Cooper, 1980;Gaskell & Marslen-Wilson, 2001;Marslen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978;Samuel, 1981; van Alphen & McQueen, 2001). For example, Samuel (1981) demonstrated that the presence of a semantically biasing word caused listeners to perceptually restore a phoneme that had been intermixed with or replaced by noise (e.g., /b/ in ball) to yield a semantically coherent sentence (e.g., The boy swung his bat at the ball). Likewise, Marslen-Wilson and Welsh (1978) demonstrated that a highly constraining preceding context, as in He still wanted to smoke a..., could cause listeners to misperceive a pseudoword such as shigarette as the word cigarette more often than when the pseudoword was preceded by a low-constraining prior context, as in He noticed there was a shigarette.Far less is known about what influence biasing information has on the identification of a preceding word (e.g., The = ing had feathers). It is possible that in order to maximize the speed with which word recognition occurs, if no prior influential context is available, the processor might delay word identification for a short period of time. If no further biasing information is perceived within this window of time, the processor simply commits ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prolonged influence of subsequent context on spoken word recognition

Szostak

Pitt

2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Listeners integrate these glimpses of partial speech information (Cooke, 2003) that contain the most informative, continuous acoustic features over time to process the target speech (Fogerty, 2013(Fogerty, , 2014Fogerty & Humes, 2012;Kidd & Humes, 2012;Miller & Licklider, 1950;Stilp, 2014). A number of studies have involved examining the restoration of interrupted or missing perceptual information in speech signals when deleted portions of speech are replaced with noise (Bashford, Riener, & Warren, 1992;Bashford & Warren, 1979;Bashford, Warren, & Brown, 1996;Warren, 1984).…”

Section: Interruption Of Speech and Text Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Partial Information Within and Across Modalities: Contributions to Spoken and Written Sentence Recognition

Smith

Fogerty

2015

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Purpose: This study evaluated the extent to which partial spoken or written information facilitates sentence recognition under degraded unimodal and multimodal conditions. Method: Twenty young adults with typical hearing completed sentence recognition tasks in unimodal and multimodal conditions across 3 proportions of preservation. In the unimodal condition, performance was examined when only interrupted text or interrupted speech stimuli were available. In the multimodal condition, performance was examined when both interrupted text and interrupted speech stimuli were concurrently presented. Sentence recognition scores were obtained from simultaneous and delayed response conditions. Results: Significantly better performance was obtained for unimodal speech-only compared with text-only conditions across all proportions preserved. The multimodal condition revealed better performance when responses were delayed. During simultaneous responses, participants received equal benefit from speech information when the text was moderately and significantly degraded. The benefit from text in degraded auditory environments occurred only when speech was highly degraded. Conclusions: The speech signal, compared with text, is robust against degradation likely due to its continuous, versus discrete, features. Allowing time for offline linguistic processing is beneficial for the recognition of partial sensory information in unimodal and multimodal conditions. Despite the perceptual differences between the 2 modalities, the results highlight the utility of multimodal speech + text signals.

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“…The resulting signal, which sounds like a rhythmic rustling noise, has similar amplitude modulations as the speech signal used to derive it. Low amplitude sections ensure that SM is a less effective energetic masker than white noise (Cooke, 2006); however, it does not contain any phonetic information and is completely unintelligible; whilst it provides participants with some informational content (Bashford et al, 1996) subjects did not identify this during the experiment. Next, RO was created by inverting the frequency spectrum around a centre frequency of 2 kHz (Blesser, 1972).…”

Section: Methods: Stimulus Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct neural systems recruited when speech production is modulated by different masking sounds

Meekings¹,

Evans²,

Lavan³

et al. 2016

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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When talkers speak in masking sounds, their speech undergoes a variety of acoustic and phonetic changes. These changes are known collectively as the Lombard effect. Most behavioural research and neuroimaging research in this area has concentrated on the effect of energetic maskers such as white noise on Lombard speech. Previous fMRI studies have argued that neural responses to speaking in noise are driven by the quality of auditory feedback—that is, the audibility of the speaker's voice over the masker. However, we also frequently produce speech in the presence of informational maskers such as another talker. Here, speakers read sentences over a range of maskers varying in their informational and energetic content: speech, rotated speech, speech modulated noise, and white noise. Subjects also spoke in quiet and listened to the maskers without speaking. When subjects spoke in masking sounds, their vocal intensity increased in line with the energetic content of the masker. However, the opposite pattern was found neurally. In the superior temporal gyrus, activation was most strongly associated with increases in informational, rather than energetic, masking. This suggests that the neural activations associated with speaking in noise are more complex than a simple feedback response.

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Use of speech-modulated noise adds strong “bottom-up” cues for phonemic restoration

Cited by 43 publications

References 59 publications

The prolonged influence of subsequent context on spoken word recognition

The prolonged influence of subsequent context on spoken word recognition

Integration of Partial Information Within and Across Modalities: Contributions to Spoken and Written Sentence Recognition

Distinct neural systems recruited when speech production is modulated by different masking sounds

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