Use of sodium alginate in the preparation of gelatin-based hard capsule shells and their evaluation <i>in vitro</i>

The advancements in 3D printing systems together with medical imaging devices, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), have made it possible to fabricate customized implantable scaffolds from computer-aided designs (CAD), which can precisely fit to the affected region in body of patients. [1,2] Hydrogels are widely preferred scaffold materials for 3D printing since they can mimic the natural tissues due to their high water content, porosity, and flexibility. [1,3] Additionally, they can be easily functionalized with biochemical and biophysical cues, and have easy fabrication processes. [4,5] Deriving therapeutic benefits such as supporting cell adhesion, promoting cell proliferation, and providing mechanical support for the tissue remodeling are desired for hydrogels. Physical, chemical, or biochemical crosslinking of homopolymer or copolymer solutions is typically used to form the hydrogels. [6] Along with synthetic polymers, the natural polymeric hydrogels can provide a stable environment for cells to grow, migrate, proliferate, and/or differentiate. [1] Natural polymers can be extracted from natural products via physical or chemical techniques in order to form hydrogels. The natural polymeric hydrogels, such as gelatin, [7,8] alginate, [9] fibrinogen, [10] hyaluronic acid, [11] cellulose, [12] and chitosan, [13] can dissolve in biofriendly inorganic solvents including phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and cell culture medium. [6] Besides the well-known biocompatibility and biodegradability of natural polymeric hydrogels, their mechanical characteristics, however, limit potential applications as bioinks for manufacturing of scaffolds through 3D printing process. [14] Collagen-based biomaterials, used in most of the previous studies due to their intrinsic cell-adhesion sites, have been reported to have poor printability and long crosslinking durations. [15] Likewise, sodium alginate, which is a block copolymer of consecutive and alternately arranged β-d-mannuronic acid and α-l-guluronic acid residues, is a broadly preferred material since it is easily crosslinked via ionotropic gelation with divalent cations (e.g., Ca 2+ , Zn 2+). [16] However, alginate hydrogels require additional bioactivation step to trigger cell adhesion. [17] Another 3D bioprinting of hydrogels has gained great attention due to its potential to manufacture intricate and customized scaffolds that provide favored conditions for cell proliferation. Nevertheless, plain natural hydrogels can be easily disintegrated, and their mechanical strengths are usually insufficient for printing process. Hence, composite hydrogels are developed for 3D printing. This study aims to develop a hydrogel ink for extrusion-based 3D printing which is entirely composed of natural polymers, gelatin, alginate, and cellulose. Physicochemical interactions between the components of the intertwined gelatin-cellulose-alginate network are studied via altering copolymer ratios. The structure of the materials and porosity are assessed using infr...

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“…[ 41 ] Therefore, amino groups of gelatin can form a complex with anionic polysaccharides, such as the alginate and cellulose. [ 49 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Cytocompatible Gelatin‐Cellulose‐Alginate Blend Hydrogels

Erkoc

Uvak

Nazeer

et al. 2020

Macromolecular Bioscience

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“…Absorption at $1600 cm À1 is due to the stretching vibration of the carbonyl group. The band observed in the range of $2910-2953 cm À1 corresponded to C-H stretching vibration, which is an indication of the presence of polysaccharides [40]. Strong absorption was observed at $3297-3342 cm À1 attributed to the existence of hydroxyl vibration modes of O-H stretching band, which contribute to intra-and inter-molecular interactions between the polysaccharide chains [20].…”

Section: Structural Properties Of Ckc Soluble Crude Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…FTIR was used to identify the structural properties of CKC crude polysaccharides and the results are in Figure 3. The major chemical groups in polysaccharides to be identified through the position and intensity of the bands are specific for each polysaccharide [40,41]. There are similarities in the absorption pattern and structural characteristics of the extracted polysaccharide of three different solvents with that of the b-glucan as the positive control.…”

Section: Structural Properties Of Ckc Soluble Crude Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotic efficacy of coconut kernel cake’s soluble crude polysaccharides on growth rates and acidifying property of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in vitro

Abbasiliasi

Tan

Bello

et al. 2019

Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment

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This paper reports the prebiotic efficacy of soluble crude polysaccharides (SCP) from palm kernel cake on the growth rates and acidifying property of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103, to investigate into the potential SCP of an agriculture by-product as a novel prebiotic. The highest extraction yield of SCP (2.90%) was obtained using NaOH. The extracted polysaccharides were highly soluble (>97%). The highest percentage of protein (0.63 ± 0.09%) and the total carbohydrate content (55.36 ± 0.33%) were observed in NaOH-extracted SCP (SCP N) and citric acid-extracted SCP (SCP CA). Water-extracted SCP (SCP W) contained the highest percentage of glucose, whereas SCP CA demonstrated the presence of two major monosaccharides, galactose and mannose. Structural analysis of SCP showed peaks in the range of 1000-1077 cm À1 , an indication of the presence of polysaccharides and alpha (a)-or beta (b)-glycosidic linkages. The degree of hydrolysis increased with the increase of pH from 5 to 8 following 4 h incubation. SCP W and SCP CA were more resistant (95%) to a-amylase as compared to fructooligosaccharides (FOS). As in the case of FOS ($98%), SCP W ($99%) and SCP CA ($98%) were resistant to artificial human gastric juice and their degree of hydrolysis had negative correlation with the pH. The product was found to markedly stimulate the proliferation of the tested probiotics and acid production. All the above findings are supportive of the fact that polysaccharides extracted from CKC have a vast potential to be exploited as novel prebiotic.

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“…e Pangasius skin and swim bladder have ash content values of less than 0.5%. e value of the ash content less than 0.5% is a good-quality raw material for the manufacture of collagen and gelatin [9]. However, the amount of fat in the skin material is relatively high compared to that in the swim bladder, 12.3% and 0.25%, respectively.…”

Section: Proximate Analysis Of the Pangasius Skin And Swimmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e extraction of gelatin from Pangasius skin had a yield of 14.94% with an acidic method and had a yield of 14.30% with the base method [5]. e extraction of gelatin from the catfish swim bladder had a yield of 13.5% with an acidic and base process [9]. Interestingly, there are no published reports of the application of this fish waste gelatin as the base material for hard capsule shells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pangasius Fish Skin and Swim Bladder as Gelatin Sources for Hard Capsule Material

Nurilmala

Darmawan

Putri

et al. 2021

International Journal of Biomaterials

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In this paper, we report the extraction and characterization of gelatin from the abundant industrial fishery waste of Pangasius skin and swim bladder and its application as the base material for hard capsule shells. The yield of gelatin ranged between 19 and 23%, content of moisture is 7.6–9.2%, ash is 1.1–1.7%, pH is 4.1–5.2, gel strength is 238–278 bloom, and viscosity is 65–74.7% mP. SDS-PAGE showed all gelatins have chains of α1, α2, and β-peptides. The skin, swim bladder, and mixed gelatins were successfully used in the production of hard capsule shells. The dimensions, weight, disintegration time, and water content properties of the hard capsules from these Pangasius wastes were akin to the standards of commercial capsules.

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Use of sodium alginate in the preparation of gelatin-based hard capsule shells and their evaluation in vitro

Abstract: Using only type B gelatin produces hard capsule shells which are too brittle.

Cited by 22 publications

References 60 publications

3D Printing of Cytocompatible Gelatin‐Cellulose‐Alginate Blend Hydrogels

3D Printing of Cytocompatible Gelatin‐Cellulose‐Alginate Blend Hydrogels

Prebiotic efficacy of coconut kernel cake’s soluble crude polysaccharides on growth rates and acidifying property of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in vitro

Pangasius Fish Skin and Swim Bladder as Gelatin Sources for Hard Capsule Material

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