Use of smokeless tobacco among groups of Pakistani medical students – a cross sectional study

Imam, Sardar Zakariya; Nawaz, Haq; Sepah, Yasir J.; Pabaney, Aqueel; Ilyas, Mahwish; Ghaffar, Shehzad

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-231

Cited by 45 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Most people place these forms of ST in the mandibular or labial groove or simply apply them to their teeth and gums and suck on them slowly for 10-15 minutes [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The erroneous belief that chewing tobacco is a safe alternative to smoking may have led to this growing epidemic, despite the fact that it has multiple ill effects on human health [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various studies have reported the prevalence of chewing habits in different communities and locations. Studies from Karachi have shown that 21% of men and 12% of women use betel [7], for both men and women 7.3% use pan, 6.7% chalia, 7.5% gutka, 14.6% naswar [3] and use of betel and chewed tobacco is 20% and 17%, respectively [8,9]. In medical students, the rate of ST use was reported as 6.4% [7], while among primary-school children, the use of areca and betel was 74% and 35%, respectively [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smokeless tobacco use in Pakistan and its association with oropharyngeal cancer

Bile

Shaikh²,

Afridi³

et al. 2010

East Mediterr Health J

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Smokeless tobacco (ST), widely used in Pakistan, poses a high risk for oral cancer. Our hospital-based data illustrate that oropharyngeal cancer (9.9%) is the second leading malignancy after breast cancer (16.1%), and is significantly higher than in other Member States of the World Health Organization's Eastern Mediterranean Region. Urdu-speaking communities had a proportionately higher rate of oropharyngeal cancer (20.4%), followed by Balochis (19.9%), Sindhis (16.8%), Punjabis (11.7%) and Pashtuns (9.6%). Association of oropharyngeal cancer with ST use was four times higher relative to no history of tobacco use after adjusting for age, ethnicity and gender. Our findings also show a predominance of this cancer among males relative to females and one-third of the reported cases occurred among individuals under 40 years. These findings have significant social impact, indicating the need for urgent intervention against the use of ST. RÉSUMÉ Le tabac sans fumée, dont la consommation est largement répandue au Pakistan, induit un risque élevé de cancer de la cavité buccale. Les données obtenues auprès des hôpitaux montrent que le cancer oropharyngé est le deuxième cancer majeur (9,9 %) après le cancer du sein (16,1 %), avec un pourcentage nettement plus élevé que dans tout autre État Membre de la Région OMS de la Méditerranée orientale. Proportionnellement, les communautés parlant l'ourdou présentaient le taux de cancer oropharyngé le plus élevé (20,4 %), suivies par celles parlant le baloutchi (19,9 %), le sindhi (16,8 %), le pendjabi (11,7 %) et le pashto (9,6 %). Après ajustement des données en fonction de l'âge, de l'origine ethnique et du sexe, il a été constaté que les cancers oropharyngés étaient quatre fois plus fréquents chez les personnes qui consommaient du tabac sans fumée que chez celles qui n'avaient aucun antécédent de consommation de tabac. Nos résultats montrent également une prédominance de ce cancer chez les hommes. De plus, un tiers des cas signalés concernait des personnes de moins de 40 ans. Ces constats ont des répercussions sociales importantes et indiquent le besoin d'une intervention urgente contre la consommation de tabac sans fumée.‫املتوسط‬ ‫لرشق‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫املجلة‬ ‫عرش‬ ‫السادس‬ ‫املجلد‬ ‫اإلضاىف‬ ‫العدد‬ S25

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“…Most people place these forms of ST in the mandibular or labial groove or simply apply them to their teeth and gums and suck on them slowly for 10-15 minutes [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The erroneous belief that chewing tobacco is a safe alternative to smoking may have led to this growing epidemic, despite the fact that it has multiple ill effects on human health [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Smokeless tobacco use in Pakistan and its association with oropharyngeal cancer

Bile

Shaikh²,

Afridi³

et al. 2010

East Mediterr Health J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…South East Asia consumes more than 90% of the world's total smokeless tobacco and around 100 million people of Indo-Pak subcontinent are habitual to smokeless tobacco use. 4,5 CT is available in both traditional and commercial preparations. Traditionally it is available as a betel leaf wrap which contains multiple ingredients including areca nut and slacked lime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-perceived oral health status and cytomorphological changes in individuals with addictive oral habits: assessed by WHO oral health questionnaire for adults

Gul

Asif

Samad

et al. 2017

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: Oral diseases related to tobacco use are relatively widespread and common in the Pakistani community but epidemiological data regarding maintenance of oral hygiene and suggested treatment is scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted in an under developed district (Muzaffargarh) of Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate oral health status and to determine frequency of cytomorphological changes in buccal mucosa of habitual tobacco users. Methods: Oral examination of all the subjects was carried out using mouth mirrors and gauze under good illumination. Cytology samples were taken from buccal mucosa. The smears were later stained with Papanicolaou stain and microscopy was performed. All the cytological data was recorded in the respective proformas. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS software version 20. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A p value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: When cross relations were studied among the demographics, addictive habits and cytological variables, soft drink usage was associated with epithelial atypia (p=0.05), marijuana usage was associated with inflammatory infiltrate on cytology (p=0.047) and snuff/niswar usage was associated with inflammatory atypia (p=0.048). No associations were found among the other studied variables. Conclusions: The results of cellular changes in the smears from subjects with addictive habits can be utilized as an educational and screening tool in cessation therapy. The results attained in this study proposed that tobacco addictive habits produce cellular modifications in clinically normal mucosa on exfoliation cytology.

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“…1 Another study reported that about 100 million people use smokeless tobacco in India and Pakistan. 2 In Southeast Asia, tobacco is used in diverse forms, including cigarettes, sheesha and smokeless tobacco (Naswar, Paan, Gutka etc.). 3 Cigarette smoke contains hundreds of potentially toxic components which include tars, nicotine, carbon monoxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%