Use of pressure distribution analysis to estimate fluid forces around a foot during breaststroke kicking

Tsunokawa, Takaaki; Nakashima, Motomu; Takagi, Hideki

doi:10.1007/s12283-015-0174-6

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, no specific characteristics were observed in terms of stroke rate and stroke length in this swimmer. Therefore, in the future, it would be useful to evaluate the resistance forces in swimming using the MRT method combined with three-dimensional motion analysis (as with Gourgoulis et al, 2014;McCabe et al, 2015), pressure-distribution analysis (as with Takagi et al, 2014;Tsunokawa et al, 2015) and energyconsumption measurements (as with Ribeiro et al, 2015;Rodriguez et al, 2015) to deepen our understanding of the role of leg motion in front-crawl swimming.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of leg kick on active drag in front-crawl swimming: Comparison of whole stroke and arms-only stroke during front-crawl and the streamlined position

Narita

Nakashima

Takagi

2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of leg kick on the resistance force in front-crawl swimming. The active drag in front-crawl swimming with and without leg motion was evaluated using measured values of residual thrust (MRT method) and compared with the passive drag of the streamlined position (SP) for the same swimmers. Seven male competitive swimmers participated in this study, and the testing was conducted in a swimming flume. Each swimmer performed front-crawl under two conditions: using arms and legs (whole stroke: WS) and using arms only (arms-only stroke: AS). Active drag and passive drag were measured at swimming velocities of 1.1 and 1.3 m s using load cells connected to the swimmer via wires. We calculated a drag coefficient to compare the resistances of the WS, AS and SP at each velocity. For both the WS and AS at both swimming velocities, active drag coefficient was found to be about 1.6-1.9 times larger than that in passive conditions. In contrast, although leg movement did not cause a difference in drag coefficient for front-crawl swimming, there was a large effect size (d = 1.43) at 1.3 m s. Therefore, although upper and lower limb movements increase resistance compared to the passive condition, the effect of leg kick on drag may depend on swimming velocity.

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Section: Limitations and Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of leg kick on active drag in front-crawl swimming: Comparison of whole stroke and arms-only stroke during front-crawl and the streamlined position

Narita

Nakashima

Takagi

2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…However, a verified methodology to estimate the hydrodynamic forces generated during eggbeater kicking has so far been lacking. The pressure distribution analysis (PDA) method (Tsunokawa et al., 2015), which estimates hydrodynamic forces from the pressures obtained by small waterproof sensors, is potentially applicable to eggbeater kick measurements. In this method, force estimation is limited to a particular part of the body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, unlike previous analyses, the PDA method obtains dynamic fluid forces under unsteady flow conditions without requiring cumbersome motion analysis in the water. This method has been validated in breaststroke kicking by a robotic leg (Tsunokawa et al., 2015), wherein the force estimated by the PDA method applied to the robotic leg was compared with the force measured by the load cell integrated in the robotic leg, and the reliability and validity were confirmed through these relationships. However, the PDA method has not been tested in terms of eggbeater kicking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the hydrodynamic forces during eggbeater kicking by pressure distribution analysis

Kawai

Tsunokawa

Takagi

2018

Heliyon

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This study investigates the reliability and validity of the estimation of the hydrodynamic forces during eggbeater kicking (a water-treading technique) by pressure distribution analysis (PDA). Our PDA procedure is very similar to that used in a previous study concerning breaststroke kicking (Tsunokawa et al., 2015). In this method, the force estimation is limited to a particular part of the body. However, unlike previous analyses, the PDA method obtains dynamic fluid forces under unsteady flow conditions without requiring cumbersome motion analysis in water. Twelve participants completed the eggbeater kicking activity under four load conditions (0, 1, 2 and 3 weights), and the hydrodynamic forces acting on their right foot are detected by the pressure sensors. To confirm the reliability of our PDA using successive tests, five participants are additionally made to complete the activity under a no-load condition. Further, the PDA is validated in a linear regression analysis of the mean resultant force calculated using the PDA method versus the applied vertical load. The reliability evaluation yields a high degree of coincidence (r = 0.99) and a mean effort of 4.1%. In the validity test, the net vertical loads are significantly correlated with the estimated forces [coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.91–1.00)]. Therefore, the PDA method is a reliable and valid estimator of eggbeater kicking.

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“…Ⅰ 緒言競泳競技において，推進力や抵抗力は競技成績を決定する主要な要因であることから，水泳に関する研究では，古くから泳者の身体に働く抵抗力や，泳者が発揮する推進力を定量化する試みがなされてきた (Formosa et al, 2011;Hollander et al, 1986;Kolmogorov and Duplishcheva, 1992;Kudo et al, 2008;Morouço et al, 2011;Narita et al, 2018aNarita et al, , 2018bSchleihauf et al, 1983; 清水ほか，2000； Takagi and Wilson, 1999;Tsunokawa et al, 2015;角川ほか，2012；Xin-Feng et al, 2007 (Hollander et al, 1986;Toussaint et al, 1988;Van der Vaart et al, 1987) ．MAD システムでは，一定間隔で水面下 et al, 1986;Toussaint et al, 1988 Ceccon, S., Ceseracciu, E., Sawacha, Z., Gatta, G., Cortesi,…”

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Relationship between swimming velocity and stroke parameters during the front-crawl:

Tsunokawa

Mankyu

Ogita

2019

Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

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Through pressure measurement and underwater motion capture analysis, the aim of this study was to clarify how propulsive forces, Froude efficiency, and stroke parameters change with swimming velocity during front-crawl swimming. Eight male swimmers performed 2 trials, once using pressure measurement and underwater motion capture analysis and once using a MAD system. In the analysis using pressure measurement and underwater motion capture, each swimmer performed 16-m front-crawl swimming 10 times at various velocities. During the trials, pressure forces acting on the hand and hand kinematics were analyzed to obtain the hand propulsive forces at each velocity. In the analysis using the MAD system, each swimmer performed 25-m front-crawl swimming 10 times at various velocities while pushing the pad set under the water, and the propulsive force at each velocity was obtained from the pushing force of the pad. This revealed that the mean propulsive force increased exponentially with the increase in mean swimming velocity, and the propulsive index n was 2.62 on average for the 8 participants. Maximal propulsive forces and maximal propulsive powers at maximum were significantly correlated with the results obtained using the MAD system. Froude efficiency varied considerably among the participants, being 0.54 ± 0.05 on average for all trials.

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Use of pressure distribution analysis to estimate fluid forces around a foot during breaststroke kicking

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Effect of leg kick on active drag in front-crawl swimming: Comparison of whole stroke and arms-only stroke during front-crawl and the streamlined position

Effect of leg kick on active drag in front-crawl swimming: Comparison of whole stroke and arms-only stroke during front-crawl and the streamlined position

Estimating the hydrodynamic forces during eggbeater kicking by pressure distribution analysis

Relationship between swimming velocity and stroke parameters during the front-crawl:

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