Use of Positive Degree‐Day Methods for Calculating Snow and Ice Melting and Discharge in Glacierized Basins in the Langtang Valley, Central Nepal

Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in View of Contribution of Runoff Components in Stream Flow: A Case Study from Langtang Basin, Nepal

“…Where γ is temperature lapse rate; ℎ is altitude of the temperature base station; ℎ is mean hypsometric elevation for a giver zone.The lapse late in this research is taken as 0.53 °C/100m (Kayastha et al, 2005).…”

“…The degree day factors for snow and ice ablation used in this research are 7.0 and 8.0 mm d -1°C-1 respectively at the altitude up to 5000 m a.s.l. And above 5000 m a.s.l the factors are 10.5 and 9.5 mm d -1°C-1 are used respectively from Kayastha et al (2005).…”

The Himalayas and Nepalese agriculture

“…Increased fresh water from melting glaciers and sea ice could alter ocean circulation patterns and destabilize regional climate patterns and warmer waters may also decrease the ocean's ability to act as a carbon sink. If no action is taken to halt global warming, these positive feedbacks could quickly send climate change spiraling out of control (Kayastha et al, 2002). …”

“…Antarctica alone is home to 70 percent of the planet's fresh water, and collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), an ice mass the size of Mexico, would raise sea levels by an estimated 6 meters-while melting of both Antarctic ice sheets would raise them nearly 70 meters (Kayastha et al, 2002). …”

Modified temperature index model for estimating the melt water discharge from debris-covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal

“…The energy balance approach explicitly models all components of the surface energy balance, and temperatureindexed-modelling considers temperature as the main variable controlling melt (Hock, 2003;Tobin et al, 2013). Numerous studies have attempted to model the melt water discharge using a positive degree day approach (Kayastha et al, 2000a(Kayastha et al, , 2005. Several studies have incorporated shortwave radiation to improve sub-daily melt totals (Hock, 1999;Pellicciotti et al, 2005).…”