“…In contrast with unmodified OBC, CS-coated samples (OBC/CS and OBC/COL/CS) exhibited significantly improved antibacterial properties, with percentage reduction in numbers of bacteria by OBC/COL/CS of 97.6%, 98.3%, and 97.4% for E. coli , S. aureus , and K. xylinus , respectively, and 99.9% for each of E. coli , S. aureus , and K. xylinus by OBC/CS (Figure A). For OBC, the antibacterial property derived from the acidic milieu of the carboxylic acid groups, which is bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal and lethal to most organisms . However, acid-fast bacteria or fungi can survive on OBC, which may result in an infection, and thus limits its clinical application. , The combination of OBC with CS, despite the consumption of −COOH groups by CS resulted in improved antibacterial properties, rather than a decline.…”