Use of oral trazodone for sedation in cats: a pilot study

Orlando, Jillian M.; Case, Beth; Thomson, Andrea; Griffith, Emily H.; Sherman, Barbara L.

doi:10.1177/1098612x15587956

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The time to peak sedation occurred around 2 hours. Behavior during examination was not significantly different between those that received the placebo and those that received trazodone . In another study, cats were administered either a placebo or 50 mg of trazodone prior to traveling to a veterinary clinic and undergoing examination.…”

Section: Pharmacologic Therapies For Stress Reductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Oral diazepam has been reported in association with acute hepatic failure in cats . In critically ill patients, diazepam may cause respiratory depression, and those with hepatic dysfunction may experience higher blood levels . Behavioral untoward effects include behavioral disinhibition in animals with inhibited aggressions, paradoxical CNS hyperactivity, and depression and irritability in felines.…”

Section: Pharmacologic Therapies For Stress Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients: Causation, implications, and therapies

Lefman

Prittie

2019

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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Objective: To review the sources, adverse effects, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychogenic stress in hospitalized human and veterinary patients. Data Sources: Data were collected by searching PubMed for veterinary and human literature from the past 10 years. Human Data Synthesis: Psychogenic stress has been linked to immune suppression; gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and cutaneous diseases; delayed wound healing; alterations in pain perception; and neurologic impairment. Sources of psychogenic stress include environmental alterations such as excessive noise and light, social and physical factors, sleep disruption, drugs, and underlying disease. Nonpharmacologic options for stress reduction include environmental and treatment modifications, music therapy, and early mobilization. Pharmacologic options include sedation with benzodiazepines and dexmedetomidine. Trazodone and melatonin have been examined for use in sleep promotion but are not currently recommended as standard treatments in ICU. Veterinary Data Synthesis: Activation of the stress response in veterinary patients is largely the same as in people, as are the affected body systems. Possible sources of stress can include social, physical, and environmental factors. No gold standard currently exists for the identification and quantification of stress. A combination of physical examination findings and the results of serum biochemistry, CBC, and biomarker testing can be used to support the diagnosis. Stress scales can be implemented to identify stressed patients and assess severity. Nonpharmacologic treatment options include low-stress handling, pheromones, environmental modifications, and sleep promotion. Pharmacologic options include trazodone, benzodiazepines, dexmedetomidine, and melatonin. Conclusion:The prevalence and clinical significance of psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients is unknown. Future studies are needed to specifically examine the causative factors of psychogenic stress and the effects of various therapies on stress reduction. The recognition and reduction of psychogenic stress in veterinary patients can lead to improvements in patient care and welfare.

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Section: Pharmacologic Therapies For Stress Reductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Pharmacologic Therapies For Stress Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients: Causation, implications, and therapies

Lefman

Prittie

2019

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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“…A search for information on the pharmacokinetics of trazodone in cats was also attempted from different scientific data bases; however, no reports were found for this species. In contrast, two clinical studies of trazodone that reported sedative and anxiolytic properties in cats were found (Orlando et al, 2016;Stevens et al, 2016). Although there is a lack of trazodone studies in cats, trazodone has been documented to be administered at 1-2 mg kg −1 in this animal species (Perrin et al, 2014).…”

Section: Pharmacokinetic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common adverse effects of oral trazodone include gagging, vomiting, colitis, sedation, increased appetite, paradoxical excitement and panting, hyper salivation and behavior disinhibition in dogs (Gilbert-Gregory et al, 2016; Gruen and Sherman, 2008;Jay et al, 2013) and sedation and behavior disinhibition (struggling, aggression and vocalization) in cats (Orlando et al, 2016;Stevens et al, 2016). Trazodone may not cause cardiovascular depression in dogs and cats after oral administration (Jay et al, 2013;Orlando et al, 2016) although some studies reported this adverse event in humans (Rausch et al, 1984;Reeves and Bullen, 1995;Service and Waring, 2008). However, tachycardia was reported in experimental dogs immediately after IV administration at high trazodone blood concentrations (Jay et al, 2013) and in anesthetized dogs when compared with imipramine at the same dose after IV administration Je and Aw, 1982).…”

Section: Side Effects Of Trazodonementioning

confidence: 99%

Trazodone: A Review of Its Pharmacological Properties and Its Off-Label Use in Dogs and Cats

Chea¹,

Giorgi²

2017

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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Trazodone is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of depression and anxiety in humans, it can perform these functions due to its selective serotonin receptor antagonism and reuptake inhibition properties. Trazodone has not been approved for animals by the FDA but it is legally prescribed by veterinarians as an offlabel drug for dogs and cats. This review describes trazodone's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic properties and adverse effects and summarizes the benefits of trazodone for non-approved FDA indications to reduce anxiety, behavioral stress, sedation, pre-and post-operation stress. It also discusses its cardiac safety profile for dogs and cats. As few clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate trazodone's efficacy for treatment of the many behavioral and medical conditions in animals, large and randomized controlled clinical trials are still needed to confirm its efficacy in clinical practice.

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“…35,36 In fact, several clinical trials reported that patients with severe insomnia associated with deep depression were initially treated with TRZ as monotherapy and as part of a combination strategy to induce an immediate improvement in sleep. 33,37 In fact, doses higher than 100 mg/kg given to geriatric patients with severe insomnia associated with major depression significantly improved sleep and antidepressant efficacy, 36 which was attributed to its powerful sedative side effect.…”

Section: Experiments 1: Effect Of Acute Mir Dosing On Sedationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic dosing with mirtazapine does not produce sedation in rats

Salazar-Juárez

Barbosa-Méndez

Merino-Reyes

et al. 2017

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Objective: Sedation/somnolence are major side effects of pharmacotherapies for depression, and negatively affect long-term treatment compliance in depressed patients. Use of mirtazapine (MIR), an atypical antidepressant approved for the treatment of moderate to severe depression with comorbid anxiety disorders, is associated with significant sedation/somnolence, especially in short-term therapy. Nonetheless, studies with human subjects suggest that MIR-induced sedation is transient, especially when high and repeated doses are used. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of acute and chronic administration of different doses of MIR on sedation in the rat. Methods: Assessment of sedation was carried out behaviorally using the rotarod, spontaneous locomotor activity, and fixed-bar tests. Results: A 15-mg/kg dose of MIR induced sedative effects for up to 60 minutes, whereas 30 mg/kg or more produced sedation within minutes and only in the first few days of administration. Conclusion: These results suggest that 30 mg/kg is a safe, well-tolerated dose of MIR which generates only temporary sedative effects.

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Use of oral trazodone for sedation in cats: a pilot study

Cited by 45 publications

References 27 publications

Psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients: Causation, implications, and therapies

Psychogenic stress in hospitalized veterinary patients: Causation, implications, and therapies

Trazodone: A Review of Its Pharmacological Properties and Its Off-Label Use in Dogs and Cats

Chronic dosing with mirtazapine does not produce sedation in rats

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