Use of modern contraceptives among married women in Vietnam: a multilevel analysis using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2011) and the Vietnam Population and Housing Census (2009)

Abstract

BackgroundThe prevalence of modern contraceptive use is an important indicator that reflects accessibility to reproductive health services. Satisfying unmet needs for family planning alone could reduce the number of maternal deaths by almost a third. This study uses multiple data sources to examine multilevel factors associated with the use of modern contraceptives among married women in Vietnam aged 15–49 years.DesignData from different national surveys (Vietnam Population and Housing Census, Vietnam Living Standard Survey, and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey) were linked to create a dataset including individual and contextual (provincial) variables (N=8,341). Multilevel modeling was undertaken to examine the impact of both individual and provincial characteristics on modern contraceptive use. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.ResultsIndividual factors significantly associated with the use of modern contraceptives were age 30–34 years (reference 15–19 years) (OR=1.63); high socioeconomic status (SES) (OR=0.8); having two living children (OR=2.4); and having a son (OR=1.4). The provincial poverty rate mediated the association between the individual's SES and the likelihood of using modern contraceptives.ConclusionsThe proportion of women in Vietnam using modern contraceptive methods has remained relatively high in recent years with significant variation across Vietnam's 63 provinces. Women of lower SES are more likely to use modern contraceptive methods, especially in the poorer provinces. Achieving access to universal reproductive health is one of the Millennium Development Goals. Vietnam must continue to make progress in this area.

The Analysis of Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Rwanda

“…The contraceptive use increases with age group up to 25 and 34 and then decreases afterwards. This finding was found elsewhere by [11,16,17,21]. This may be due to the fact that the majority of women of this age group are working and they have a number of children such that they want to limit births or undesired pregnancy and at the same time save their jobs.…”

Individual and community-level factors associated with unmet need for contraception among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia; a multi-level analysis of 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey

“…So, all of these articles are subject to an atomistic or ecological fallacy [17,21,22,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. The factors associated with the unmet need to FP are area-specific which requires a different approach of analysis at a different level [8,24,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. So, this study took into account those different levels of analysis and aimed to assess individual and community-level factors associated with unmet need for contraception among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia (EDHS 2016 dataset, 2019).…”

Modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Ghana: analysis of the 2003–2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys

“…In a study done in Vietnam the researcher describes the relationship between women’s age and modern contraceptive methods as an inverted ‘U-shape’. While the likelihood of contraceptive use was low among women aged 15–24, it was lower among the those 35 and above and highest among women aged 25–35 [ 5 ].…”

“…Wealth index and type of earnings of a woman determines her income status as well as her affordability and accessibility status in connection with modern contraceptives [ 11 , 12 ]. Marital status of a woman can influence her acceptance and use of a modern contraceptive [ 5 , 7 , 13 ]. Cultural factors, religion and source of information have all links to the beliefs of the women and have been identified to have an influence on choice and use of modern contraceptive methods [ 11 , 14 – 17 ].…”