Use of Leaf and Fruit Morphometric Analysis to Identify and Classify White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Genotypes

Abstract

Digital image analysis and multivariate data analysis were used in this study to identify a set of leaf and fruit morphometric traits to discriminate white mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars. The trial was conducted using three- to five-year-old potted cuttings of several white mulberry cultivars. 32 leaf morphometric descriptors were recorded in 2011 and 2012 from 11 mulberry cultivars using image analysis of scanned leaves, whereas six fruit descriptors were recorded in 2011 from nine mulberry cultivars. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to identify a subset of measured variables that could discriminate the cultivars in trial. Biplot analysis, followed by cluster analysis, was performed on the discriminant variables to investigate any possible cultivar grouping based on similar morphometric traits. LDA was able to discriminate the 11 cultivars with a canonical function, which included 13 leaf descriptors. Using those 13 descriptors, the Biplot showed that over 84% of the variability could be explained by the first three factors. Clustering of standardized biplot coordinates recognized three groups: the first including ‘Korinne’ and ‘Miura’ with similar leaf angles and apical tooth size; the second including ‘Cattaneo’, ‘Florio’, ‘Kokusò-21’, ‘Kokusò-27’, and ‘Kokusò Rosso’ with similar leaf size and shape; and the third including ‘Ichinose’, ‘Kayrio’, ‘Morettiana’, and ‘Restelli’, with similar leaf margin. Fruit descriptors were fewer and measured on fewer cultivars, yielding smaller discriminatory power than leaf descriptors. Use of leaf morphometric descriptors, along with image and multivariate analysis, proved to be effective for discriminating mulberry cultivars and showed promise for the implementation of a simple and inexpensive characterization and classification tool.

Evaluation of Late-Maturing Peach and Nectarine Fruit Quality by Chemical, Physical, and Sensory Determinations

“…Biplot analysis (a distance-based class of principal component analysis) with the multidimensional scaling preferences procedure (MDPREF) [41] was performed to investigate the relationship among fruit attributes and any possible cultivar grouping based on similar properties. Average data per cultivar were standardized, and factor and object loadings were fit in a common space with the MDPREF procedure [41]; finally, cluster analysis with the k-means technique was performed on standardized factor coordinates to individuate grouping of attributes and cultivars [42].…”

Effects of Rhizobacteria and Auxin Treatments on Root Development of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Cuttings

“…Meyvelerinin askorbik asit, mineraller, fenoller, flavonoidler, bazı organik asitler içerdiği de bilinmektedir. Bunların tümünün meyvenin yüksek antioksidan özelliklerine katkı sağladığı ve insan sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğu saptanmıştır (Özgen ve ark., 2009;Sánchez ve ark., 2014;Lo Bianco ve Mirabella, 2018). Karadut meyvesinin antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antihiperglisemik, antiviral, hipolipidemik, nöroprotektif, antiinflamatuvar, antimutajenik ve anti-kanserojenik özellikler içermesi ve biyolojik olarak aktif maddeleri sayesinde insan sağlığı üzerindeki potansiyel faydaları bulunduğuna dair çalışmalar mevcuttur (Oki ve ark., 2006;Özgen ve ark., 2009).…”

Effect of Different Modified Atmosphere Packaging on the Quality of Mulberry Fruit (Morus alba L. cv Kokuso 21)

“…There are about 68 species of genus Morus worldwide [5], but only white mulberry (Morus alba L.) and black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) are cultivated in Italy [6,7]. Mulberry is a climacteric fruit; it is rich in carotene; vitamins B1, B2, and C; glucose; sucrose; tartaric acid; and succinic acid [8,9]; it also contains antioxidants, total phenolic, and anthocyans [10]. Moreover, due to its particular nutraceutical value, mulberry is considered as a functional food [10,11].…”

“…Mulberry is a climacteric fruit; it is rich in carotene; vitamins B1, B2, and C; glucose; sucrose; tartaric acid; and succinic acid [8,9]; it also contains antioxidants, total phenolic, and anthocyans [10]. Moreover, due to its particular nutraceutical value, mulberry is considered as a functional food [10,11]. Because of these reasons, mulberries are considered a high-end product.…”