Use of eugenol for the anaesthesia and transportation of freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)

Anaesthetic effects of eugenol on preservation and transportation of yellow catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco )

“…In the current study, after 12 h simulated transportation, the decrease in serum cortisol levels in eugenol treatment group may be the suppression of cortisol release by impeding adreno-cortico-tropic-hormone actions and the interference with the cortisol synthesis pathway (Palić et al, 2006). On the other hand, serum glucose levels in anaesthetized fish increased, which indicated that 10 mg/L eugenol may reduce the energy demand with decreased effects of stress (de Oliveira et al, 2019). Similar findings about MS-222 had been reported in largemouth bronze gudgeon (C. guichenoti) (Zhao et al, 2014).…”

“…So, it is necessary to explore a safe and effective natural anaesthetic for fish anaesthesia, especially for long-time transportation of live fish. Eugenol (4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol), the principle active ingredient of clove oil extracted from terrestrial plants, has been validated as a safe and effective alternative to MS-222 and other synthetic agents (de Oliveira et al, 2019;Purbosari et al, 2019). Compared with other cheap, low residue and low toxicity anaesthetics such as sodium bicarbonate (Gabriel et al, 2020;Hasimuna et al, 2020Hasimuna et al, , 2021, eugenol has higher economic effectiveness and anaesthetic efficiency.…”

“…Compared with other cheap, low residue and low toxicity anaesthetics such as sodium bicarbonate (Gabriel et al, 2020;Hasimuna et al, 2020Hasimuna et al, , 2021, eugenol has higher economic effectiveness and anaesthetic efficiency. Besides, the unique analgesic effect, anti-oxidation and immunomodulatory function have made it be widely used in several fish and crustacean species during their handling and transporting (Cupp et al, 2017;Gomes et al, 2011;Li, She, et al, 2018;Meinertz et al, 2014;de Oliveira et al, 2019;Tarkhani et al, 2016). However, the actual effect of eugenol varies with aquatic species and environmental factors.…”

“…Anaesthesia is extensively applied as effective measures to diminish physiological stress and mechanical injury in the manipulation of aquaculture and related fish researches (Bowker et al, 2019; de Oliveira et al, 2019; Li, She, et al, 2018). Proper use of anaesthetics in aquaculture and fisheries can reduce the morbidity and mortality, which may improve fish health, economic yields and fish welfare.…”

Design and Evaluation of pH-Dependent Nanosystems Based on Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, Nanoparticles Loaded with Chlorhexidine for Periodontal Treatment

“…Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) was selected as the model substance to form the oily core of the nanocapsule (NC) formulations prepared by the emulsification-diffusion method in order to potentiate the drug’s antimicrobial action and realize the synergistic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effect of the eugenol. This substance is the principle chemical component of clove oil derived from E. aromatic and has long been known for its analgesic, local anaesthetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects [21,22,23,24,25,26]. Used in the form of a paste or mixture as a dental cement, filler, and restorative material, it belongs to the class of essential oils that are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).…”