Use of epoxidized natural rubber as a toughening agent in plastics

Tanjung, Faisal Amri; Hassan, Azman; Hasan, Mahbub

doi:10.1002/app.42270

Cited by 36 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, ENR is characterized by good adhesion to wet surfaces and low rolling resistance, as well as low gas permeability [10,11]. Furthermore, this elastomer, with maximally 50 mol% of epoxidation, is resistant to crack propagation, because it crystallizes under strain and is able to reach high elongation at break [8,12,13]. It must be also mentioned that the properties of ENR considerably depend on epoxidation degree; for example, the higher the level of epoxidation, the higher the glass transition temperature (T g ) [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin

2021

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In this publication, novel bio-based composites made of epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% of epoxidation (ENR-50) are presented. The obtained materials, partially cured with a totally environmentally friendly crosslinking system consisting of natural ingredients, including quercetin and silica, exhibit a self-healing ability resulting from the self-adhesion of ENR-50 and reversible physical forces between the curing agent and the matrix. The impact of natural components on the crosslinking effect in uncured ENR-50 matrix was analyzed based on rheometric measurements, mechanical tests and crosslinking density. The partially crosslinked samples were next cut into two separate pieces, which were instantly contacted together under a small manual press, left at room temperature for a few days for the healing process to occur and finally retested. The healing efficiency was estimated by measuring mechanical properties before and after the healing process and was also confirmed by photos taken using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results, a combination of silica and quercetin is a totally safe, natural and effective crosslinking system dedicated to epoxidized natural rubber. The novel composites containing ingredients safe for human beings exhibit promising self-healing properties with a healing efficiency of up to 45% without any external stimuli and stand a chance of becoming innovative biomedical materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin

2021

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“…ENR is obtained from the modification of natural rubber via an epoxidation reaction. It also has good chemical resistance, high toughness, oil-resistance and gasbarrier properties and, a high toughness relative to natural rubber 8 . Foam is a popular packaging today because foams are lightweight, durable, flexible and easy to use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polylactic acid/epoxidized natural rubber biofoams: modelling and water absorption

Puttajan¹,

Nampitch²

2019

ScienceAsia

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Biofoams containing polylactic acid (PLA) and an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-50) were prepared using various chemical foaming agents (CFA). The factors that affect the properties and characteristics of the biodegradable foams were epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)-50 and CFA contents. ENR-50 is one of the toughening agents used for blending with PLA by twin-screw extruder followed by compression moulding. Water absorption increased with increasing ENR-50 and CFA contents, due to the effect of polarity and natural hydrophilicity of the oxirane groups of ENR-50. The percentage crystallinity decreased with the addition of ENR-50 and CFA, due to the interaction between the epoxy groups of the ENR-50 and the carbonyl groups of the PLA, which makes movement more difficult and hinders the arrangement of the crystal. The addition of ENR in blend foam led to the increase of impact strength. Whereas the flexural strength of PLA/ENR foams decreased with increased ENR content. The impact strength and flexural strength of PLA/ENR-50 foams were investigated and the experimental data were analysed through SPSS and MATLAB, to optimize as well as to determine the significance of the factors affecting the impact strength and flexural strength of the foams. The parameterization of the mathematical method for different content of the initial controlled substance was achieved by fitting the mathematical model with the experimental data for impact strength and flexural strength. The 3-D curves obtained from the proposed mathematical models were plotted.

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“…ENR is a hydrophilic elastomer with high shearing and flexibility while PVC is a thermoplastic with good mechanical strength and excellent chemical properties (Jon et al 2013). Tanjung et al (2015) stated that the blending of ENR-50 and PVC could produce a miscible blend due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between chlorine groups of PVC and epoxy groups of ENR. Compared to other fillers, MCC has been commonly used as reinforcement for polymers blending due to the advantages of biodegradable, renewable, low density, low cost and good mechanical properties (Zhang et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Polyvinyl Chloride/Microcrystalline Cellulose (ENR/PVC/MCC) Composite Membrane for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment

Alim¹,

Othaman²

2018

JSM

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Epoxidized natural rubber/polyvinyl chloride/microcrystalline cellulose (ENR/PVC/MCC) composite membranes were prepared and used to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME). The loadings of MCC were varied at 0, 5, 10 and 15 w/w%. The increment of MCC loads has intensified the hydroxyl peak of the membranes in FTIR spectrum, indicating the increase in membrane hydrophilicity. MCC acted as a pore forming agent since the ENR/PVC/10% MCC gave the highest water flux and well-distributed pores. After first treatment of POME, the levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solid (TSS) were reduced to 99.9%, 70.3%, and 16.9%, respectively. These data showed that ENR/PVC/MCC membrane has the potential to treat POME.

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Use of epoxidized natural rubber as a toughening agent in plastics

Cited by 36 publications

References 95 publications

Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin

Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin

Polylactic acid/epoxidized natural rubber biofoams: modelling and water absorption

Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Polyvinyl Chloride/Microcrystalline Cellulose (ENR/PVC/MCC) Composite Membrane for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment

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