Use of ELISA to identify Protoceratium reticulatum as a source of yessotoxin in Norway

Effects of salinity, temperature and nutrients on growth, cellular characteristics and yessotoxin production of Protoceratium reticulatum

“…reticulatum is common in different geographical areas all over the world and many reports exist about accumulation of YTX in several molluscan shellfish species (e.g. Aasen et al, 2005;Ciminiello et al, 1997Ciminiello et al, , 2003Finch et al, 2005;Krock et al, 2006;MacKenzie et al, 1998;Paz et al, 2004Paz et al, , 2006Paz et al, , 2007Paz et al, , 2008Ramstad et al, 2001;Samdal et al, 2004;Satake et al, 1997Satake et al, , 1999Satake et al, , 2006Suzuki et al, 2007;Yasumoto and Takizawa, 1997). The P. reticulatum strain used in this study was isolated in the North Sea and identified as YTX producer (Hoppenrath, 2004).…”

“…: Gonyaulax polyedra) (Tubaro et al, 1998;Draisci et al, 1999) and Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparè de & Lachmann) Diesing (Rhodes et al, 2006;Riccardi et al, 2009). Meanwhile, the production of YTX by the dinoflagellate P. reticulatum has been reported in New Zealand, Japan, Norway, UK, Canada, USA, Chile, Spain, Italy, and southern Africa Bay (Ciminiello et al, 2003;Finch et al, 2005;Krock et al, 2006Krock et al, , 2009Paz et al, 2004Paz et al, , 2006Paz et al, , 2007Ramstad et al, 2001;Samdal et al, 2004;Satake et al, 1997Satake et al, , 1999Satake et al, , 2006. Different concentrations of YTX were found in cultures of dinoflagellates around the world.…”

“…Different concentrations of YTX were found in cultures of dinoflagellates around the world. The toxicity of P. reticulatum reached from 0.9 to 79 pg YTX cell À1 (Eiki et al, 2005;Howard et al, 2008;MacKenzie et al, 1998;Mitrovic et al, 2005;Paz et al, 2004Paz et al, , 2007Samdal et al, 2004;Satake et al, 1996Satake et al, , 1999, and the concentrations of YTX in L. polyedrum were up to 1.5 pg YTX cell À1 , and in G. spinifera up to 200 pg YTX cell À1 (Draisci et al, 1999;Howard et al, 2008;Paz et al, 2004;Ramstad et al, 2001;Rhodes et al, 2006;Tubaro et al, 1998). It seems that the principal toxin formed by P. reticulatum is YTX, even though some strains contained homoYTX as prominent analogue (Paz et al, 2008).…”

Biochemical features of a <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i> red tide in Chipana Bay (Northern Chile) in summer conditions

“…Protoceratium reticulatum is a noxious dinoflagellate identified in various countries (Satake et al, 1997;Samdal et al, 2004). This is the first time that it has been officially described in this coastal region near the fisheries management area.…”

LC-MS/MS Analysis of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) Toxins, Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin Analogues, and Other Lipophilic Toxins

“…76 Despite recent evidence that YTXs may have no significant acute toxicity when administered orally to mice, [14][15][16] MBA positives due to low level contamination of bivalves by YTXs has been a worldwide problem causing serious economic hardship to bivalve industries. YTXs are produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum, [77][78][79][80][81][82] Lingulodinium polyedrum 83,84 and possibly Gonyaulax spinifera, 85 and accumulate in filter-feeding bivalves feeding on the toxic dinoflagellates. Recently, several new YTX analogues have been identified in bivalves or dinoflagellate.…”