Use of digital image correlation technique to determine thermomechanical deformations in photovoltaic laminates: Measurements and accuracy

Eitner, Ulrich; Köntges, Marc; Brendel, Rolf

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2010.03.028

Cited by 45 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The repeated contractions and expansions of the front glass of the module are enforced on the cells, because the glass is much thicker than the cells, and each cell can be considered attached to the glass at its midpoint due to the encapsulant. This model has been found to agree reasonably well with observed cell displacements during thermal cycling [20,21]. To verify the existence of scratches in the SnPbAg-layer, after the thermal cycles module S1 has been opened at two different positions to take out the contact strips and inspect them with a microscope (Fig.…”

Section: Snpbagsupporting

confidence: 67%

Cell interconnection without glueing or soldering for crystalline Si photovoltaic modules

Summhammer

Halavani

2016

EPJ Photovolt.

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In order to maximize the power output of polycrystalline silicon PV-modules, in previous work we have already tested rectangular cells of 39 × 156 mm which are overlapped along the long sides. The low current density at the cell overlap allows interconnections which need neither soldering nor glueing, but use metallic strips inserted between the cells in the overlap region. The contact is established by the pressure applied to the module during lamination and is retained by the slightly bent cells in the solidified encapsulant. Here we report on the long term stability of different contact materials and contact cross sections applied in eight modules of the 240 W class monitored for up to 24 months of outdoor operation and in a variety of small 5-cell modules exposed to rapid ageing tests with up to 1000 thermal cycles. Cells with three different electrode designs were tested and the contact materials were Cu, Ag, SnPbAg and Sn. Focussing especially on series resistance, fill factor and peak power, it is found that Ag-coated contact strips perform equally well and have practically the same stability as soldered cell interconnections. Due to 70-90% savings in copper and simpler manufacturing the cost of PV-modules may thus be reduced further.

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Section: Snpbagsupporting

confidence: 67%

Cell interconnection without glueing or soldering for crystalline Si photovoltaic modules

Summhammer

Halavani

2016

EPJ Photovolt.

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“…If isotropic and homogeneous material behaviour is assumed and the laminate is symmetric with respect to the midplane, the stiffness tensors of Eqs. (8) can be determined as follows [20]:…”

Section: Homogenisation Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Let G S be the shear modulus of the glass skin layer and G C the shear modulus of the polymeric core layer. The ratio of the shear moduli μ ¼ G C =G S for materials used in photovoltaic panels is in the range between 10 À 5 and 10 À 2 , depending on the type of polymer and the temperature [4,7,8]. For the comparison, classical sandwich panels are composed from materials with μ in the range of 10 À 2 and 10 À 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the first-order shear deformation theory to the analysis of laminated glasses and photovoltaic panels

Eisenträger

Naumenko

Altenbach

et al. 2015

International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

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“…Equation (2) is an extension of the equation of Eitner et al (2010), combining trigonometric considerations with a 3D expression of Snell's refraction law. Figure 2 shows the images after offset compensation (2.7), and the sample edges and LW/EW transitions appear at consistent positions.…”

Section: H Y H H X H Y H Y H X H Y H H X H Y Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination of neutron imaging (NI) and digital image correlation (DIC) to determine intra-ring moisture variation in Norway spruce

et al. 2013

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Abstract:The hygroscopic behavior of wood has a strong influence on its mechanical performance, yet the moisture gradients within the growth ring structure have not been sufficiently investigated. The main challenge is that moisture variations are coupled with strong sample deformation, which complicates the spatial referencing of moist and dry states. In this work, neutron imaging (NI) for the detection of water and digital image correlation (DIC) for the detection of local deformation were combined to calculate the local gravimetric moisture content (MC grav ) and the volumetric moisture content (MC vol ) within single growth rings. Specimens of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were exposed to an adsorption-desorption cycle, with relative humidity (RH) steps varying from 0% (oven dry) up to 95% RH. After each acclimatization step, neutron transmission and DIC images were acquired. The local deformations determined by DIC were used to assign the corresponding dry density in the undeformed state to the compartment in a moist state and thus to calculate its MC by NI. No significant MC gradients could be found between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) within ± 0.5% accuracy. However, strong density gradients between EW and LW can be directly correlated with MC vol . It appears that the MC in the cell wall is constant regardless of the particular growth ring position.

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Use of digital image correlation technique to determine thermomechanical deformations in photovoltaic laminates: Measurements and accuracy

Cited by 45 publications

References 12 publications

Cell interconnection without glueing or soldering for crystalline Si photovoltaic modules

Cell interconnection without glueing or soldering for crystalline Si photovoltaic modules

Application of the first-order shear deformation theory to the analysis of laminated glasses and photovoltaic panels

Combination of neutron imaging (NI) and digital image correlation (DIC) to determine intra-ring moisture variation in Norway spruce

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