Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of vascular pathologies
and
acute cardiovascular events worldwide. Early theranostics of atherosclerotic
plaque formation is critical for the prevention of associated cardiovascular
complications. Osteopontin (OPN) expression in vascular smooth muscle
cells (VSMCs) has been reported as a promising molecular target for
the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques. The PPARδ
agonist GW1516 has been shown to inhibit VSMC migration and apoptosis.
However, GW1516 has low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability,
which are major obstacles to its broad development and application.
In this study, GW1516@NP-OPN, which is anti-OPN-targeted and loaded
with the PPARδ agonist GW1516, was synthesized using a nanoprecipitation
method. The uptake of GW1516@NP-OPN was examined using fluorescence
microscopy and flow cytometry assay in VSMC in vitro models. Using
the Transwell assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining
methods, we observed that the inhibition of VSMCS migration and apoptosis
was significantly higher in cells treated with GW1516@NP-OPN than
those treated with free GW1516. The western blot assay further confirmed
that GW1516@NP-OPN can increase FAK phosphorylation and TGF-βprotein
expression. The effect of NPs was further tested in vivo. The atherosclerotic
lesion areas were greatly decreased by GW1516@NP-OPN compared with
the free drug treatment in apolipoprotein E
–/–
mice models. Consequently, our results showed that GW1516@NP-OPN
stabilizes the PPARδ agonist aqueous formulation, improves its
anti-plaque formation activities in vivo and in vitro, and can therefore
be recommended for further development as a potential anti-atherosclerotic
nanotherapy.