Use of Carbotrace 480 as a Probe for Cellulose and Hydrogel Formation from Defibrillated Microalgae

Zitzmann, Frederik L.; Ward, Ewan; Matharu, Avtar S.

doi:10.3390/gels8060383

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Defibrillated blackcurrant samples stained with Carbotrace 480 (CT480) were visually examined via CLSM using the method described by Zitzmann et al [ 15 ]. As controls, the isolated lignin from the blackcurrant pomace and CMC were also stained with CT480.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4.4.6. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) Analysis CLSM analysis of defibrillated cellulose samples using Carbotrace 480 was processed using the protocol of Zitzmann et al [15]. The samples (20 mg) were mixed and incubated with 50 µL of Carbotrace 480: phosphase buffer solution pH 7.4 (ratio 1:1000) for 30 min.…”

Section: Klason Lignin Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it has been found that cellulose recovered from MW extraction may lead to the formation of hydrogels. Several studies demonstrate that water and cellulose exhibit a strong affinity, allowing them to form gels [ 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The abundant hydroxyl groups present in cellulose play a vital role in creating a three-dimensional hydrogel by attracting and retaining water through hydrogen bonding [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production of Hydrogels from Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Fractionation of Blackcurrant Pomace

Inthalaeng,

Dugmore,

Matharu

2023

Gels

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The exploitation of unavoidable food supply chain wastes resulting from primary and secondary processing for chemicals, materials, and bioenergy is an important concept in the drive towards circular-based, resource-efficient biorefineries rather than petroleum refineries. The potential production of hydrogels (materials) from unavoidable food supply chain wastes, which are naturally rich in biopolymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, represents an interesting opportunity. However, these intertwined and interconnected biopolymers require separation and deconstruction prior to any useful application. Thus, this study aims to explore the formation of hydrogels from defibrillated celluloses (MW-DFCs) produced via acid-free stepwise microwave hydrothermal processing of blackcurrant pomace residues. Initially, pectin was removed from blackcurrant pomace residues (MW, 100–160 °C), and the resultant depectinated residues were reprocessed at 160 °C. The pectin yield increased from 2.36 wt.% (MW, 100 °C) to 3.07 wt.% (MW, 140 °C) and then decreased to 2.05 wt.% (MW, 160 °C). The isolated pectins were characterized by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and 13C NMR (D2O). The cellulosic-rich residues were reprocessed (MW, 160 °C) and further characterized by ATR-IR, TGA, and Klason lignin analysis. All the MW-DFCs contained significant lignin content, which prevented hydrogel formation. However, subsequent bleaching (H2O2/OH−) afforded off-white samples with improved gelling ability at the concentration of 5% w/v. Confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) revealed the removal of lignin and a more pronounced cellulosic-rich material. In conclusion, the microwave-assisted defibrillation of blackcurrant pomace, an exploitable unavoidable food supply chain waste, affords cellulosic-rich materials with the propensity to form hydrogels which may serve useful applications when put back into food products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and home and personal care products.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Klason Lignin Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Production of Hydrogels from Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Fractionation of Blackcurrant Pomace

Inthalaeng,

Dugmore,

Matharu

2023

Gels

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show abstract

“…Lastly, Zitzmann et al [ 15 ] propose a novel analytical tool for visualizing the cellulose content in defibrillated cellulose derived from microalgae using Carbotrace 480. Exploiting the distinctive fluorescent properties of the optotracer, this study provides a means through which to correlate the cellulose content in the samples with the successful hydrogel formation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%