Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine 
and mechanisms of resistance

Schwarz, Štefan; Chaslus-Dancla, Élisabeth

doi:10.1051/vetres:2001120

Cited by 287 publications

(235 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(106 reference statements)

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“…Numerous studies described the effect of long-term usage of subtherapeutic doses of tetracyclines resulting in the increased level of resistant gut bacteria or pathogens (Smith and Tucker, 1975;Hooper and Hirsh, 1977;Langlois et al, 1984;Hinton et al, 1985). In contrast to the United States, the application of tetracyclines as growth promoters is not allowed neither in the European Union nor in the Czech Republic (Council Directive 70/524 EEC, 1970;Prescott et al, 2000), and since 1975, no tetracycline has been used for the growth promotion in Europe (Schwarz and Chaslus-Dancla, 2001).…”

Section: Applications Of Tetracyclines In Veterinary Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Tetracyclines in veterinary medicine and bacterial resistance to them

Michalova¹,

PNovotna²,

Schlegelová³

2004

Vet. Med.

117

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Since their discovery in 1945, tetracyclines have been used extensively in the therapy and prophylaxis of infectious diseases and as growth promoters. These wide applications have led to the equally fast spread of tetracycline resistant strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial genera, including strains belonging to pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic species. Nonpathogenic bacteria could act as a reservoir of resistance determinants, which can be disseminated by horizontal transfer into pathogens. More than thirty different tetracycline resistance genes have been characterized. They encode two major mechanisms of resistance: 1 -active efflux of the antibiotic, and 2 -protection of ribosomes. Further mechanisms of tetracycline resistance include enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic, permeability barriers, mutations or multidrug transporter systems. Effective horizontal spread is favoured by the location of tetracycline resistance genes on mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons. Their exchange, enhanced by the use of tetracyclines, is observed between bacteria of the same or different species and genera as well. Thus, questions of reevaluating and global reducing of tetracyclines in human and animal healthcare and food production are extensively discussed.

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Section: Applications Of Tetracyclines In Veterinary Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Tetracyclines in veterinary medicine and bacterial resistance to them

Michalova¹,

PNovotna²,

Schlegelová³

2004

Vet. Med.

117

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“…Since R. anatipestifer causes a severe disease in the form of septicaemia and serositis in ducks and geese, it is important to determine which factors play a major role in antibiotic resistance. Many plasmids that encode antibiotic-resistance genes have already been identified in multiple bacterial species (Schwarz & Chaslus-Dancla, 2001), however no antibiotic-resistance factors have been reported to date in R. anatipestifer (Chang et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and molecular characterization of chloramphenicol resistance inRiemerella anatipestiferisolated from ducks and geese in Taiwan

et al. 2010

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Riemerella anatipestifer is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause disease in a wide range of wild and domesticated birds, especially waterfowl. The presence of an antibiotic-resistance gene in R. anatipestifer has not yet been reported, indicating the need for investigation. In the present study, 40.5% of R. anatipestifer isolates were found to exhibit resistance to chloramphenicol, while 45.9% showed intermediate resistance and 13.5% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, an antibiotic that has been prohibited for use in food animals in Taiwan since 2003. The resistance gene was identified as the cat gene and cloned by library sequencing. The prevalence of the cat gene in Taiwanese R. anatipestifer isolates was 78.4%. The position of the cat gene was then determined within the novel plasmid, designated pRA0511. pRA0511 was sequenced and shown to be 11,435 bp in size with 10 open reading frames (ORFs). Proteins putatively encoded by these 10 ORFs included four drug-resistance-associated proteins. Two proteins designed as chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CATs) were encoded by two non-adjacent ORFs, and the other two were TetX2 and a multi-drug ABC transporter permease/ATPase. The putative CAT protein had 62.9 to 79.5% homology to a known type B CAT. The pRA0511 plasmid is the first identified drug-resistance plasmid in R. anatipestifer, more specifically associated with chloramphenicol resistance.

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“…Gene cassettes are part of these elements and contain one or more antibiotic resistance genes. Schwarz and Chaslus-Dancla discussed a number of aspects concerning bacterial resistance to antibiotics [58], among which resistancemechanisms, resistance mediating elements and spread of antibiotic resistance genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular tools for the characterisation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Aarts¹,

Sidi-Boumedine

Nesme

et al. 2001

Vet. Res.

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-This review will discuss a number of molecular tools which are currently used as well as some innovative approaches for the characterisation of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Various methods involved in the detection and characterisation of genes and mutations associated with antibiotic resistance and that are used for strain typing as part of epidemiological studies, are described. Furthermore, a few examples are discussed in which the results of both gene and strain characterisation are combined to investigate the underlying mechanism of the spread of antibiotic resistance. Some of the available molecular techniques are heavily supported by the existence of databases on the Internet. These databases either contain a fast growing amount of sequence information or a large number of allelic or fingerprint profiles. The current progress in applied DNA technology and the ongoing projects on the elucidation of the whole genomic sequence of bacterial species have lead and will further lead to the development and application of sophisticated new strategies for the analysis of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains.antibiotic resistance / molecular detection / molecular typing / horizontal gene transfer / new approaches Résumé -Outils moléculaires pour la caractérisation de bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques. Cette revue présente les outils moléculaires utilisés actuellement ainsi que des nouvelles approches pour la caractérisation de souches bactériennes résistantes aux antibiotiques. Différentes méthodes de détection et de caractérisation des gènes et des mutations impliqués dans la résistance aux antibiotiques, utilisées dans des études épidémiologiques, sont décrites. Quelques exemples sont présentés où sont associées les caractérisations du gène et de la souche bactérienne dans l'étude des mécanismes de diffusion de résistances aux antibiotiques. Certaines techniques moléculaires font

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Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and mechanisms of resistance

Cited by 287 publications

References 77 publications

Tetracyclines in veterinary medicine and bacterial resistance to them

Tetracyclines in veterinary medicine and bacterial resistance to them

Prevalence and molecular characterization of chloramphenicol resistance inRiemerella anatipestiferisolated from ducks and geese in Taiwan

Molecular tools for the characterisation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

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