Use of an intravenous sclerosing foam (3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate) for treatment of orbital varix in a dog

Abstract

A 6-month-old intact male Standard Dachshund was referred for evaluation of a soft tissue swelling above the right eye. Examination of the right eye revealed mild lateral deviation of the globe, normal vision, and a dorsonasal soft tissue swelling. Examination of the posterior segment was normal. Dual-phase computed tomography angiography was consistent with an orbital varix of the angularis oculi and right dorsal external ophthalmic veins with no evidence of arterial involvement. Treatment involved fluoroscopically guided coil embolization of the venous outflow with nine platinum microcoils, followed by sclerotherapy of the varix using 1.5 mL of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate foam. Moderate-to-marked swelling was noted at the treatment site in the weeks following therapy, which gradually resolved. At final reexamination 3 months post-therapy, complete sclerosis and resolution of the orbital varix were documented. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case involving the use of a sclerotic agent for successful treatment of a venous malformation in a dog.

Polidocanol monotherapy for a superficial orbital venous malformation in a horse

“…Mixed forms are present as well 1 . Orbital venous malformations are rare and have been described in a few species, including humans, 1 horses, 2 dogs, 3–6 and an iguana 7 . Orbital venous malformations are congenital or less commonly a heritable condition 2–4,8 …”

“…Currently, there is no recommended first line of treatment for orbital venous malformations in veterinary patients. Previously published treatments include conservative management, 4 surgical ligation, 2 enucleation, 7 coil embolization, 5 and sclerotherapy in combination with coil embolization 3 . Surgical ligation or resection is the most invasive option short of enucleation, with complications including the inability to identify ill‐defined borders of the venous malformation, necrosis or loss of function to affected tissue, and risk of hemorrhage during operation 2,8,9 .…”

“…Surgical ligation or resection is the most invasive option short of enucleation, with complications including the inability to identify ill‐defined borders of the venous malformation, necrosis or loss of function to affected tissue, and risk of hemorrhage during operation 2,8,9 . Coil embolization is less invasive compared with surgical ligation but migration of coils away from the target, hemorrhage, and incomplete occlusion can occur 3,5 . Additionally, the use of coil embolization for large venous malformations is challenging as many coils are required for thrombosis, and the coils themselves can result in a permanent mass effect 3 .…”

“…7 Orbital venous malformations are congenital or less commonly a heritable condition. [2][3][4]8 Currently, there is no recommended first line of treatment for orbital venous malformations in veterinary patients. Previously published treatments include conservative management, 4 surgical ligation, 2 enucleation, 7 coil embolization, 5 and sclerotherapy in combination with coil embolization.…”

Penile Varicose Vein in Akita inu, 7-Year-Old Dog: A Clinico-Pathological Study

“…In animals, varicose veins are rare, with few case reports that described an ocular localization in dog [3,4].…”