“…Various self-help tools have been used in these studies including a desktop computer program (Clark, Kirkby, Daniels, & Marks, 1998), a laptop and desktop computer (Baer, Minichiello, & Jenike, 1987;Baer, Minichiello, Jenike, & Holland, 1988), a self-help manual (Fritzler, Hecker, & Losee, 1997), a computer-driven phone system with voice activated messages in conjunction with a self-help manual (Bachofen et al, 1999;Marks et al, 1998), and self-exposure homework (Emmelkamp, Van Linden Van den Heuvell, Ruephan, & Sanderman, 1989;Marks et al, 1988). In all of these studies, exposure and response prevention (ERP) techniques were employed.…”