Usability of clay mixed red mud in Hungarian building material production industry

Abstract

The Naturally Occurring Radionuclide (Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40) content of building Materials (NORM) contributes to the total radiation dose experienced by humans. In this survey 27 clay and 68 red mud samples were surveyed with gamma spectrometry and screened according to European Basic Safety Standards (BSS) Iindex. It was found that average I-index of clays was 0.6 (0.4-0.8) less than the I-index of 1, which makes them suitable for building material production. The average I-index of red mud 2.3 (1.3-3.0). The maximal mixing ratio of red mud was calculated, varied between 12-39 %, with 23 % average.

Influencing effect of heat-treatment on radon emanation and exhalation characteristic of red mud

“…The obtained result was the lowest compared of .red mud samples originated from other red mud reservoirs of Ajka (Sas et al 2015).…”

Thoron emanation and exhalation of Slovenian soils determined by a PIC detector-equipped radon monitor

“…The radon/thoron exhalation greatly depends on the characteristics of the sample. The survey of radon exhalation from various media, such as building materials, soils, and by--products, is common [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], while thoron is of less interest owing to its complicated measurement technique and presumably, its less signifi cant dose contribution. Owing to signifi cantly lower diffusion length of thoron than radon, in general, thoron could be an indoor problem only when the source is present in the building material.…”

Radiological characterization of clay mixed red mud in particular as regards its leaching features

“…Several studies have dealt (Kovler et al, 2005, Somlai et al, 1997, Ducman et al, 2007, Szabo et al, 2013, Sas et al, 2015a with finding environmentally friendly materials and methods, as well as low cost materials for building purposes.…”