US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations

Williams, David R.; Collins, Chiquita

doi:10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002025

Cited by 1,430 publications

(405 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…In addition, low social status (Alegría, Bijl, Lin, Walters, & Kessler, 2000;Williams & Collins, 1995) and subjective perceptions of low social status (Adler, Epel, Castellazzo, & Ickovics, 2000) have been associated with higher risk of psychopathology. There is some evidence that once in the U.S., some Latinos experience a rapid transition in family structure from two-to one-parent families (Rumbaut, 2006) and increased drug use (Hernandez & Charney, 1998), with reports of marital disruption for Puerto Ricans and Mexicans but less data on whether this phenomenon applies to all Latino groups.…”

Section: Social Status and Perceived Social Standing In The Us Commmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding differences in past year psychiatric disorders for Latinos living in the US

Alegrı́a

Shrout

Woo

et al. 2007

Social Science & Medicine

220

239

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This study seeks to identify risk factors for psychiatric disorders that may explain differences in nativity effects among adult Latinos in the USA. We evaluate whether factors related to the processes of acculturation and enculturation, immigration factors, family stressors and supports, contextual factors, and social status in the U.S. account for differences in twelve-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders for eight subgroups of Latinos. We report results that differentiate Latino respondents by country of origin and age at immigration (whether they were U.S.-born or arrived before age 6 [IUSC] or whether they arrived after age 6 [LAI]). After age and gender adjustments, LAI Mexicans and IUSC Cubans reported a significantly lower prevalence of depressive disorders than IUSC Mexicans. Once we adjust for differences in family stressors, contextual factors and social status factors, these differences are no longer significant. The risk for anxiety disorders appears no different for LAI Correspondence to: Margarita Alegria. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptSoc Sci Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 July 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript compared to IUSC Latinos, after age and gender adjustments. For substance use disorders, family factors do not offset the elevated risk of early exposure to neighborhood disadvantage, but coming to the U.S. after age 25 does offset it. Family conflict and burden were consistently related to the risk of mood disorders. Our findings suggest that successful adaptation into the U.S. is a multidimensional process that includes maintenance of family harmony, integration in advantageous U.S. neighborhoods, and positive perceptions of social standing. Our results uncover that nativity may be a less important independent risk factor for current psychiatric morbidity than originally thought.

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Section: Social Status and Perceived Social Standing In The Us Commmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding differences in past year psychiatric disorders for Latinos living in the US

Alegrı́a

Shrout

Woo

et al. 2007

Social Science & Medicine

220

239

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[3][4][5] These hazards contribute to the increasing gap in health status between rich and poor, white and nonwhite and urban and nonurban. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In order to address these social, physical and economic determinants of urban health, researchers, public health practitioners, and community members have turned to more comprehensive and participatory approaches to research and interventions. 4,[13][14][15][16][17] One such approach, community-based participatory research (CBPR) in public health, is characterized by a partnership between community members, representatives from community-based organizations and health and social service agencies, and academic researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Facilitating Factors in Sustaining Community-Based Participatory Research Partnerships: Lessons Learned from the Detroit, New York City and Seattle Urban Research Centers

et al. 2006

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In order to address the social, physical and economic determinants of urban health, researchers, public health practitioners, and community members have turned to more comprehensive and participatory approaches to research and interventions. One such approach, community-based participatory research (CBPR) in public health, has received considerable attention over the past decade, and numerous publications have described theoretical underpinnings, values, principles and practice. Issues related to the long-term sustainability of partnerships and activities have received limited attention. The purpose of this article is to examine the experiences and lessons learned from three Urban Research Centers (URCs) in Detroit, New York City, and Seattle, which were initially established in 1995 with core support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The experience of these Centers after core funding ceased in 2003 provides a case study to identify the challenges and facilitating factors for sustaining partnerships. We examine three broad dimensions of CBPR partnerships that we consider important for sustainability: (1) sustaining relationships and commitments among the partners involved; (2) sustaining the knowledge, capacity and values generated from the partnership; and (3) sustaining funding, staff, programs, policy changes and the partnership itself. We discuss the challenges faced by the URCs in sustaining these dimensions and the strategies used to overcome these challenges. Based on these experiences, we offer recommendations for: strategies that partnerships may find useful in sustaining their CBPR efforts; ways in which a Center mechanism can be useful for promoting sustainability; and considerations for funders of CBPR to increase sustainability.Israel, Lichtenstein, and McGranaghan are with the

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“…[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Much of this literature is descriptive, but of late the health disparities research literature has begun to shift from merely describing disparities to seeking to explain them. 5,[15][16][17][18][19][20] However, efforts to understand the etiology of racial/ethnic disparities have been hampered by the lack of available data sources capable of supporting truly comparative analysis. 17,21 Much of the research on race disparities are likely substantially confounded with socioeconomic status, 18 and racial segregation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities: Overview of the EHDIC Study

et al. 2007

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Progress in understanding the nature of health disparities requires data that are race-comparative while overcoming confounding between race, socioeconomic status, and segregation. The Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities (EHDIC) study is a multisite cohort study that will address these confounders by examining the nature of health disparities within racially integrated communities without racial disparities in socioeconomic status. Data consisted of a structured questionnaire and blood pressure measurements collected from a sample of the adult population (age 18 and older) of two racially integrated contiguous census tracts. This manuscript reports on baseline results from the first EHDIC site, a low-income urban community in southwest Baltimore, Maryland (EHDIC-SWB). In the adjusted models, African Americans had lower rates of smoking and fair or poor self-rated health than whites, but no race differences in obesity, drinking, or physical inactivity. Our findings indicate that accounting for race differences in exposure to social conditions reduces or eliminates some health-related disparities. Moreover, these findings suggest that solutions to the seemingly intractable health disparities problem that target social determinants may be effective, especially those factors that are confounded with racial segregation. Future research in the area of health disparities should seek ways to account for confounding from SES and segregation.

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US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations

Cited by 1,430 publications

References 86 publications

Understanding differences in past year psychiatric disorders for Latinos living in the US

Understanding differences in past year psychiatric disorders for Latinos living in the US

Challenges and Facilitating Factors in Sustaining Community-Based Participatory Research Partnerships: Lessons Learned from the Detroit, New York City and Seattle Urban Research Centers

Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities: Overview of the EHDIC Study

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