US Foreign Policy since 1945

Border and Textuality in the Mediterranean: United States and Spain in Transition Towards Democracy under the Cold War

“…"In the US experience in the Western Hemisphere, it would appear that in the pursuit of hegemonic control, the means came to undermine the very values and institutions that hegemonic leadership was intended to preserve for the system." 12 This analysis and this anti-communist rhetoric were embedded in the politics of Containment. Still, it concealed a rejection of any political formula, and not only in Latin America, but that could also question and jeopardize the economic and geostrategic interests of the United States.…”

“…A fundamental dimension of the Containment of the new Administration would be projected in the determined support for anti-communists anywhere in the world. Ronald Reagan's Containment policy would show some reminiscences of the conception of Dwight Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles on the subject of liberalization and the notion of roll-back in peripheral mapping, but with a more extreme and ambitious staging 36 .…”

Taking Stock of the “Common” in the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy

“…Dobson and Marsh therefore summarize America's approach to and perception of the EU as a security provider: 'it [America] wants greater European burden-sharing and military capabilities, an informal US seat at the EU table and guaranteed NATO primacy'. 36 The point here is that it should not be forgotten that the emergence of the EU as a unified foreign policy actor triggered US resistance to the formulation of its CFSP in the early 1990s. A strong European foreign policy voice, so the understanding in Washington, might undermine US foreign policy priorities and trigger a re-balancing of what was seen as a convenient transatlantic consensus in favor of the United States as a security and defense provider.…”

Perceived risks in travelling to the Islamic Republic of Iran

“…Perceived risk has been examined across a range of disciplines, including geology (Burton et al, 1978), sociology (Douglas andWildavsky, 1982), psychology (Kahn and Sarin, 1988), marketing (Bauer, 1960;Dholakia, 2001), and tourism (Carter, 1998;Lepp and Gibson, 2008). In the area of tourism, Roehl and Fesenmaier (1992) classified JIMA 3,2 tourists into three groups based on their perception of risk: risk neutral, functional risk, and place risk.…”

“…These conflicts have, at times, been high intensity and, at others, low intensity, masking the underlying political failures, the resource disputes, and the refractive interface with western societies where sanctions have provided "the unnatural friction to development" (Milton-Edwards and Hincheliffe, 2001). Dobson and Marsh (2001) describe the Middle East as "a theatre of violent competition and high stakes". The Middle East, when isolated from the political turmoil, offers a vast collection of unique tourist sites, diverse climate, exotic food, and hospitable hosts, where hospitality is fundamental to the way of life.…”