Urolithiasis, Urinary Cancer, and Home Drinking Water Source in the United States Territory of Guam, 2006–2010

Abstract

We reviewed patient records with a first-listed diagnosis of urolithiasis—also known as urinary tract or kidney stone disease, nephrolithiasis—upon discharge from Guam’s sole civilian hospital during 2006 to 2010 and urinary cancer mortality records from the Guam Cancer Registry for 1970 to 2009 to determine the source of municipal water supplied to the patients’ residence. The objective was to investigate a possible relationship between the sources of municipal water supplied to Guam villages and the incidence of urolithiasis and urinary cancer. We analyzed hospital discharge diagnoses of urolithiasis or renal calculi by calculating the incidence of first-mentioned discharge for urolithiasis or renal calculi and comparing rates across demographic or geographic categories while adjusting by age, sex, and ethnicity/race. We reviewed cancer registry records of urinary cancer deaths by patient residence. The annual incidence of hospitalization for urolithiasis was 5.22 per 10,000. Rates adjusted for sex or age exhibited almost no change. The rate of 9.83 per 10,000 among Chamorros was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the rates among any other ethnic group or race. When villages were grouped by water source, rates of patients discharged with a first-listed diagnosis of urolithiasis, adjusted for ethnicity/race, were similar for villages using either well water (5.44 per 10,000) or mixed source water (5.39 per 10,000), and significantly greater than the rate for villages using exclusively reservoir water (1.35 per 10,000). No statistically significant differences were found between the water source or village of residence and urinary cancer mortality. Some Guam residents living in villages served completely or partly by deep well water high in calcium carbonate may be at increased risk for urolithiasis compared with residents living in villages served by surface waters. Although the risk appears to be highest in villagers of Chamorro ethnicity, residents should be aware of other contributing risk factors and steps to take to avoid developing this health problem.

Knowledge, Awareness and Dietary Practice on Urolithiasis among General Population in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia: Preliminary Findings

“…Reduction of fluid intake of less than 2L/day can cause urine to be concentrated and stone formation. 7,10,25 Similarly, the used of seasoning powder in cooking can increase the level of sodium intake daily, which cause frequent urination, dehydration, fluid loss and urine supersaturation. 25 Based on the findings above, it is important to reduce the incidence of urolithiasis by educating the general public, especially the patients.…”

“…1,5,6 There are several risk factors associated with urolithiasis, which includes genetic, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), weight, water intake, medical morbidities, occupation, hot climate and dietary intake. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Although genetic plays important role in the development of urolithiasis, nevertheless, dietary and lifestyle pattern is believed to have strong association with its occurrence. [9][10][11][12][13] Based on findings from previous studies, a recurrent episode may occur within five years after the first onset, especially among population at hot climate regions.…”

“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Although genetic plays important role in the development of urolithiasis, nevertheless, dietary and lifestyle pattern is believed to have strong association with its occurrence. [9][10][11][12][13] Based on findings from previous studies, a recurrent episode may occur within five years after the first onset, especially among population at hot climate regions. Several studies on knowledge, awareness and practice (KAP) have been conducted globally to evaluate the knowledge on the signs, symptoms, risk factors, awareness and diagnostic screening or medical management and practice to adopt healthy lifestyle or adhering with standard guidelines among varies population including patients, general public and healthcare professionals.…”

Influence of Coffee, Tea and Drinking Water Source on Calcium Kidney Stone Disease in Universitas Padjdjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung West Java Indonesia: A Case Control Study

“…6/7 OALib Journal supplied wholly or partially from deep wells was about twice that of villages supplied with municipal water exclusively from a river fed reservoir [19].…”

Correlation between Ion Composition of Oligomineral Water and Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation

“…Concerning the quantity indeed, an increased consumption of water and/or other waterbased beverages (and conversely, an increased urinary volume) up to about two liters per day is considered one of the most important preventive measures for stone incidence and recurrence [8,9]. Concerning the quality, different studies have reported and suggested a possible association between stone formation and several physicochemical parameters of drinking water [10,11]. Water hardness, in particular, has been proposed to play a pivotal role [12].…”