Urine Sugar Determination by the Two-drop Clinitest Method

Belmonte, Mimi M.; Sarkozy, E.; Harpur, Eleanor R.

doi:10.2337/diab.16.8.557

Cited by 29 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The mean and ranges of the plasma insulin profiles for the three groups of patients are shown in Figs 6, 7, and 8 The mean insulin profile from the 4 patients on Lente insulin (Fig. 6) showed the peak plasma level (19 6 mU/l) 3 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

24-hour metabolic profiles in diabetic children.

Griffin¹,

Spanos²,

Jenkins³

et al. 1980

Archives of Disease in Childhood

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY 15 metabolic profiles were performed on 10 diabetic children who were on once-daily injections of insulin. Blood and urine glucose concentrations were high throughout much of the day and night, and were associated with abnormal levels of blood ketones, lactate, and pyruvate. The plasma free-insulin profiles gave a characteristic pattern for each type of insulin. The investigation gives valuable information for the clinical management of such children.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

24-hour metabolic profiles in diabetic children.

Griffin¹,

Spanos²,

Jenkins³

et al. 1980

Archives of Disease in Childhood

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The means and ranges of urine glucose levels at random, fasting, and during the GTT for hyperglucosuric diabetics, normoglucosuric nondiabetics, and renal and nonrenal hyperglucosuric nondiabetics are summarized in table 3-The seven diabetics diagnosed by three fasting plasma glucose levels above 150 had marked fasting hyperglucosuria, but five of the 15 diagnosed (USPHS criteria) during glucose tolerance testing had fasting normoglucosuria (4,8,12,20,22). During the GTT, urine glucose in these 15 individuals ranged from 429 to 7,400.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MATERIALS AND METHODS 1,952 patients not known to have diabetes were screened by measuring the RUG by the ORM glucose analyzer 6 and the 2 Drop Clinitest method, 8 in the Grady Memorial Hospital General Adult Clinic between the hours of 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. Age, sex, race, family history of diabetes, height, weight, and ideal body weight (Hamwi formula) were recorded. Time and amount of prior food intake was not recorded.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes Screening Using a Quantitative Urine Glucose Method

et al. 1978

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sensitivity and specificity of three methods (random urine glucose (RUG) > 25 mg. per deciliter; positive Clinitest; and random plasma glucose (RPG) > 140, > 120, and > 100 mg. per deciliter) for detecting the unknown diabetic were compared. In 1,952 screenees, RUG of 96.7 per cent was 3 to 25 mg. per deciliter (normoglucosuria), RUG of 2.0 per cent was 26 to 100 mg. per deciliter (moderate hyperglucosuria), and of 1.3 per cent was > 100 mg. per deciliter (marked hyperglucosuria). Twenty-five randomly selected from each of the first two groups and 18 from the third group had a glucose tolerance test (GTT); seven in the third group had fasting plasma glucose tests > 150 mg. per deciliter. GTTs were evaluated by United States Public Health Service (USPHS), Fajans-Conn (F-C), and summation (S) criteria, and tested screenees divided into nondiabetic (ND) and diabetic (DM). NDs with RUG > 25 mg. per deciliter were false positive screens: renal hyperglucosurics (RHG) if GTT urine glucose ^ 80 mg. per deciliter, nonrenal hyperglucosurics (NRHG) if GTT urine glucose *£ 25 mg. per deciliter. The prevalence of DM was 1.24 per cent (USPHS), 1.37 per cent (F-C), and 1.45 per cent (S). The prevalence of false positives (USPHS) was 2.04 per cent (1.19 per cent RHG and 0.85 per cent NRHG). In the normogluco. uria group, 100 per cent who had a GTT were true negatives. In the moderate hyperglucosuria group, 16 per cent (USPHS) were true positives, 84 per cent false positives (44 per cent RHG, 40 per cent NRHG). In the marked hyperglucosuria group, 72 per cent (USPHS) were true positives, 28 per cent false positives (24 per cent RHG and 4 per cent NRHG). By Clinitest, 23 per cent of the DMs (USPHS) were false negatives, and 1.8 per cent in the normoglucosuria group were false positives. Nine per cent of the DMs were false negatives by RPG > 140, and 4.5 per cent were false negatives by RPG > 120. RUG > 25 mg. per deciliter was as sensitive as the GTT in detecting unknown DMs but was less specific. Random normoglucosuric screenees are unlikely to have diabetes; about 40 per cent of random hyperglucosuric screenees have diabetes. DIABETES 27:810-16, August, 1978.Methods commonly used to determine urine glucose are either insensitive and nonspecific (Clinitest) or sensitive and relatively specific but not quantitative (Clinistix, Keto-diastix, Tes-Tape). 1>2 It has been recommended that diabetes screening be done using more sensitive and specific plasma glucose measurements, preferably after a glucose load. 3 Unfortunately, such methods involve blood collection; thus, they are invasive, expensive, and slow. For this reason, there appears to be an unmet need for a reliable urine screening technique for diabetes, with the method being glucose specific, sensitive, noninvasive, inexpensive, and rapid.Two specific enzymatic methods-glucose oxidase 4 ' 6 and hexokinase 5 -have been developed to measure glucose in blood, plasma, and urine. The original glucose oxidase procedure 4 was colorimetric and measured hydrogen peroxide formation. Si...

show abstract

“…On the other they used the 2-drop method. 2 The only difference in these methods is the number of drops of urine added. When 5 drops of urine are added in the standard Clinitest method the orange color indicates 2 per cent or greater concentration of sugar.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Urine Testing for Sugar and Acetone by Hospital Ward Personnel

1968

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1. The determination of urinary sugar and acetone by ward nursing service personnel is often inaccurate. In 12 per cent of the tests reported in this study the level of inaccuracy could lead to significant errors in management.2. Lack of familiarity with the test procedures and personal bias were two major factors associated with these inaccuracies. Both may be reduced by better training and supervision.3. Limitations in the test procedures are also a major factor. These cannot be eliminated completely but the twodrop Clinitest method for urine sugar offers several advantages and should be used in preference to the five-drop method. DIABETES J7: 281-85, May, 1968. Routine testing of urine for sugar and acetone in patients with diabetes mellitus is employed almost universally. The results of the tests are used mainly in the evaluation of adequacy of the control of carbohydrate defect. In addition, the results often determine the doses of Regular Insulin employed in acute periods of loss of control. The commercial preparations available to perform these tests are reasonably reliable and give good reproducibility when performed correctly. Nevertheless, a number of pitfalls exist in their performance and interpretation. 1 Our experience indicated that mistakes of considerable magnitude were common in routine testing on our wards. We could find no studies of the reliability of these methods as carried out by hospital ward personnel. Accordingly, two tests were evaluated as performed by personnel assigned to test diabetic urines on the medical wards of a large private hospital affiliated with a medical school. METHODSThe test materials employed were Clinitest for sugar and Acetest for acetone. All urine used in these studies was obtained from one healthy subject during water diuresis on the days that the test sets were prepared. Two drops of toluene were added as a preservative to each ioo ml. of urine. Before use the urine was screened with glucose oxidase paper, Clinitest and Acetest, to assure that no detectable sugar or acetone was present. Glucose was added in weighed amounts to exact volumes to obtain solutions of known concentration. Acetone was added, drop by drop, with careful testing between additions until the desired colors were obtained on the test tablet. All urines were then tested with Clinitest and Acetest by three experienced technicians who had no knowledge of the concentration of the added components, and the samples were used only after they concurred in results.In the first study five urine samples containing various concentrations of glucose and acetone were used. The sugar concentrations were 5 per cent, 2 per cent, 1 per cent, 0.5 per cent, and none. Acetone was added to duplicate the large, moderate and small concentrations shown on the color chart supplied by the manufacturer. No acetone was added to one urine and reduced glutathione was added to the other to give an immediate purple color, fading within fifteen seconds (hence a false positive). The amounts of sugar and acetone added to ea...

show abstract

Urine Sugar Determination by the Two-drop Clinitest Method

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

24-hour metabolic profiles in diabetic children.

24-hour metabolic profiles in diabetic children.

Diabetes Screening Using a Quantitative Urine Glucose Method

Accuracy of Urine Testing for Sugar and Acetone by Hospital Ward Personnel

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About