Urine interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and transforming growth factor β1 in infants with urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria

Abstract

IntroductionUrinary tract infection (UTI) occurs in 1.1% of girls and 1.4% of boys during the first year of life. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) is usually detected incidentally in 0.9% of girls and 2.5% of boys at this age. The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of measurement of pro-inflammatory urine interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 concentrations and anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) level in infants with febrile UTI, non-febrile UTI and ABU.Material and methodsA total of 35 children, mean age 6.14 ±3.47 months, were divided into three groups: group I – febrile UTI (n = 13), group II – non-febrile UTI (n = 13) and group III – ABU (n = 9). At the time of enrollment urine IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β1 and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and white blood cell count (WBC) were measured. Renal ultrasound was performed in all children, 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy (DMSA) and voiding cystourethrography in children with UTI.ResultsUrine concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in febrile UTI compared to those with non-febrile UTI and ABU (p < 0.5, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with CRP, ESR and WBC (p < 0.01). Urine levels of TGF-β1 were significantly higher in children with febrile UTI compared to those with ABU (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with WBC (p < 0.01). Inflammatory changes in the DMSA scan were detected in 66.6% of children with UTI. No significant difference in frequency of an abnormal DMSA scan compared to a normal scan was found in groups with febrile and non-febrile UTI. No relations between urine cytokines, systemic inflammatory markers and changes in DMSA scan were observed. The cutoff value for detection of inflammatory changes in the DMSA scan for IL-8 was 120 pg/mg creatinine (Cr) and 40 pg/mg Cr for TGF-β1. Based on this value, the sensitivity for IL-8 was 58.3%, specificity 100% and for TGF-β1 66.7% and 83.7%, respectively.ConclusionsWe found significant differences in children with febrile UTI and ABU regarding urine IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-β1 levels. Urine cytokines and systemic inflammatory markers do not differentiate between upper and lower UTI in infants.

Dysbiosis of the Urinary Microbiota Associated With Urine Levels of Proinflammatory Chemokine Interleukin-8 in Female Type 2 Diabetic Patients

“…Cytokines are small, soluble proteins produced by various cells in response to infections and inflammation ( 7 ). Interleukin (IL)-8, a potent proinflammatory chemokine and activator of neutrophils, can be stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).…”

“…Previous studies have found that interleukin-8 (IL-8) causes migration of neutrophils to the place of inflammation, leading to pyuria in patients with UTIs ( 8 , 9 ). Elevated urine levels of IL-8 were detected in febrile children with UTIs compared to children with asymptomatic bacteriuria ( 7 ). It is reported that urinary IL-8 can be identified as a potential novel biomarker for the diagnosing of UTIs with 93% sensitivity and 90% specificity ( 10 , 11 ).…”

The Urinary and Serum Levels of IL-32 in Children with Febrile Urinary Tract Infections

“…Furthermore, Krzemień et al . assessed a total of 35 children in three groups: patients with APN, nonfebrile UTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria, and found that urine concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in patients with APN compared with those of the other two groups (p < 0.5, p < 0.01) [ 25 ].…”

Prognostic value of serum and urine kidney injury molecule-1 in infants with urinary tract infection

“…Several studies have suggested potential biomarkers for this purpose, e.g. interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule (KIM-1), retinol binding protein (RBP), and YKL-40 glycoprotein [6,7,9,10]. KIM-1, a type I cell membrane glycoprotein, was discovered by Ichimura et al in 1998 [11].…”