Urinary schistosomiasis, perception and treatment-seeking behaviour in Sankwala, Cross River State, south-eastern Nigeria

Edungbola

Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

2021

Objectives: Schistosomiasis is a chronic, progressive and granulomatous disease which is not immediately fatal but constitutes enormous medical and public health implications. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, intensity, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school pupils (aged 4-16 years) in Owena town, Ondo State, Nigeria.Methods: Urine specimens were collected and examined, using a 325 Wire Mesh filter and microscopy. The conclusive diagnosis was based on the presence of the characteristic eggs of Schistosoma haematobium, while the intensity of infection was described as the number of eggs per 10 ml of urine (eggs/10ml). 464 school children, comprising 268 (57.8%) boys and 196 (42.2%) girls, were examined.Results: Altogether, 175 (37.7%) of the pupils examined had the characteristic egg of S. haematobium in their urine. Boys, (42.3%), were significantly more infected than girls, (31.6%) (p<0.05). The highest prevalence of infection (47.2%) was seen among pupils in the age range of 8-10years while the lowest (28.0%) occurred among 11-13years. Boys had significantly higher mean (SD) egg-count 428 (5.8) eggs/10 ml/SD and prevalence of macro-hematuria (70.2%) than girls 373.0 (3.1) eggs/10ml/SD and 29.8% respectively] (p <0.05). The relationship between water-contact activities and prevalence of infection was statistically significant (x2 = 24.17, p<0.05). Conclusion:This study identified protracted water-contact activities, ignorance, and lack of safe water supply as the major risk factors promoting endemicity of S. haematobium in Owena town. It is therefore imperative that interventions and control measures, such as health education, safe water supply, and chemotherapy are implemented.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Primary School Pupils

Edungbola

Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

2021

“…By logical deduction, water contact activities are expected to be higher in the middle belt and southern part of Nigeria compared to the North. This probably informed higher prevalences of 37.9 % [ 16 ], 43.7 % [ 17 ] and 55 % [ 2 ] obtained in Cross River, Ondo and Benue States, respectively. Nevertheless, the prevalence obtained from this study is higher compared to 2.07 % and 16.3 % reported in Jos [ 18 ] and Nasarawa [ 19 ], respectively, both being North Central States.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and intensity of genito-urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among junior high school students in two local government areas around Zobe Dam in Katsina State, Nigeria

Atalabi¹,

Lawal²,

Ipinlaye³

2016

Parasites Vectors

BackgroundThe national burden of genito-urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria has been expressed by an estimate of 101.3 million people at risk with an alarming figure of 29 million infected. Report obtained from respondents about Praziquantel® distribution and the obviously prevalent haematuria without any control programme in place justified the need for data on the prevalence, intensity of infection and associated risk factors which were the objectives this cross-sectional survey sought to address.MethodsA total of 718 students aged 10–23 years from the study area were surveyed between May and August, 2015. Data on socio-demographic and risk factors were obtained using structured questionnaires. Clean universal bottles with corresponding labels were offered for sample collection between 10:00 am and 13:30 pm. Centrifuged samples were microscopically examined and intensity of infection was recorded per 10 ml of each sample.ResultsPrevalence of genito-urinary schistosomiasis was 22.7 % with a mean intensity of 25.05 (± standard deviation, ± 71.51) eggs/10 ml of urine. Higher prevalence (19.5 %) and mean intensity (28.7 eggs/10 ml of urine) was recorded among boys. Sex (χ2 = 77.065, P < 0.0001), age group 16–18 (χ2 = 5.396, P = 0.0202), altitude (χ2 = 8.083, P = 0.0045), unwholesome water sources (χ2 = 27.148, P < 0.0001), human recreational activities (χ2 = 122.437, P < 0.0001), mothers’ occupation (χ2 = 6.359, P = 0.0117), farming (χ2 = 6.201, P = 0.0128) and other brown collar jobs (χ2 = 4.842, P = 0.0278) in fathers’ occupational category were found to be significantly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis. Boys were seven times more likely to be infected compared to girls [AOR (95 % CI): 7.3 (4.26–12.4)]. Age group 16–18 years was four times more likely to be infected compared to age group 10–12 years [AOR (95 % CI): 4.43 (2.62–7.49)]. Similarly, respondents with farming as fathers’ occupation were twice more likely to be infected than those whose fathers were civil servants [AOR (95 % CI): 2.08 (1.2–3.59)].ConclusionsDutsin-Ma and Safana were classified as moderate-risk Local Government Areas (LGA). Sex, altitude, unwholesome water sources and mothers’ occupation were identified as the determining epidemiological factors in the prevalence of the disease. Sustainable chemotherapeutic intervention with Praziquantel®, good network of treated pipe-borne water, health education and waste disposal facilities are highly recommended to reduce its prevalence below the threshold of public health significance.

“…16 The prevalence rate in the present study is similar to various reports from Ogun State and Niger-Delta. 11 However, lower prevalence were recorded in various reports across Nigeria in Sankwala, Cross-River State, 7 two endemic areas of Ondo State and in the Danjarima community of Kumbotso LGA, Kano State. 18,19 The prevalence of urinary schistomiasis varied among the males compared to their female's counterpart.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 In Nigeria, Schistomiasis has been widely reported by Ishaku et al, 6 and Morenikeji and Idowu. 1 Others that worked on urinary schistosomiasis included Akeh et al, 7 Nwosu et al, 8 Akinwale et al 9 , Agi and Awi -waadu 10 and Ubgomoike et al…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the prevalence of Schistosoma Haematobium and Schistosoma Intercalatum in a rural community of Ogun State, Nigeria

Otuneme

Akinkuade

Obebe

et al. 2015

SE Asia J. Pub. Health

Urinary Schistosomiasis is endemic in Nigeria and continues to pose public health challenges especially in inhabitants of rural areas. This study was conducted in an attempt to determine the co-infection of Schistosoma haematobium and S. intercalatum in Apojola Community area of Abeokuta North LGA of Ogun State, Nigeria. Urine samples were analyzed in the Laboratory using sedimentation/centrifugation technique to determine schistosoma eggs. Positive urine samples were further confirmed using Ziehl-Neelsen (zn) staining method for differentiating S. haematobium from S. intercalatum eggs. The results indicate that 79 (52.7%) of the urine samples collected were positive for schistosoma eggs. Among the positive urine samples, 62% had S.haematobium while 38% had S. intercalatum eggs. Infections were found to be high in males 39 (55.7%) than female 40 (50%). Villagers who were <13 years of age had the highest prevalence rate of infection. Co-infection of S. haematobium and S. intercalatum among the villagers was established in the study and was observed to be highest in the age group <13years, compared to other age group. The study confirmed the endemicity and the co-infection of S. haematobium and S. intercalatum in the study area. It is therefore recommended that water control, sanitation and snails elimination as well as community-based programs are urgently needed to reduce S. haematobium and S. intercalatum infection.