Urinary levels of trichloroacetic acid, a disinfection by-product in chlorinated drinking water, in a human reference population.

Abstract

Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), a known mouse liver carcinogen and a possible human carcinogen, is found in chlorinated drinking water. We measured TCAA in archived urine samples from a reference population of 402 adults using isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. TCAA was detected in 76% of the samples examined at concentrations ranging from < 0.5 micro g TCAA/L to more than 25 micro g/L; the 90th percentile concentration was 23 micro g/L (22 micro g TCAA/g creatinine); and the geometric mean and median concentrations were 2.9 micro g/L (2.6 micro g/g creatinine) and 3.3 micro g/L (3.2 micro g/g creatinine), respectively. The frequency of detection of TCAA in urban areas was higher than in rural areas (p = 0.00007), and sex and place of residence (i.e., urban vs. rural) were found to have a significant interaction in modulating the levels of TCAA (p = 0.012). Urban residents had higher mean levels of TCAA (men, 5.3 micro g/L, 3.8 micro g/g creatinine; women, 2.9 micro g/L, 2.8 micro g/g creatinine) than did rural residents (men, 2.2 micro g/L, 1.7 micro g/g creatinine; women, 2.6 micro g/L, 2.7 micro g/g creatinine). The higher frequency of detection of TCAA in urban than in rural areas and higher levels of TCAA among urban than among rural residents may reflect the fact that urban residents use primarily chlorinated water from public water supplies, whereas those in rural areas are more likely to obtain water from private wells, which typically are not chlorinated.

Green Chemistry in Urinalysis for Trichloroethanol and Trichloroacetic Acid as Markers of Exposure to Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Solvents

“…The sensitivity is apparently insufficient, however, for monitoring TCA levels in urine of general populations who are exposed to dis-infection byproducts in chlorination-treated drinking water [41][42][43][44][45] . Monitoring the expected TCA levels of 0.5 to 25 µg/l urine needs much more sophisticated expensive methods such as isotope-dilution HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry 43,44) . No need of acid or heat treatment for determination of TCA alone is advantageous for practical application.…”

A review of analytical methods for the determination of trichloroethylene and its major metabolites chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid

“…TCA was measured in 402 urine samples from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and was found at detectable levels in 75.6% of the samples. This LC-MS-MS method was applied in another study in which the levels of TCA in the urine of individuals living in urban and rural areas were measured (Calafat et al, 2003). Individuals living in urban areas were found to have higher levels of TCA than those living in rural areas.…”

“…Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers are most commonly used with HPLC methods. LC-MS-MS methods for the analysis of TCA in human urine (Kuklenyik et al, 2002;Calafat et al, 2003;Ells et al, 2000) and HAAs in water (Hashimoto and Otsuki, 1998) have been previously developed and were discussed in an earlier section of this paper.…”

“…As a result, no methods for the extraction of TCE by SPE were found. Several methods do exist, however, for the analysis of HAAs in water (Benanou et al, 1998;Martínez et al, 1998aMartínez et al, ,b, 1999Loos and Barcelo, 2001;Carrero and Rusling, 1999;Sarzanini et al, 1999) and urine (Kuklenyik et al, 2002;Calafat et al, 2003) using SPE.…”

Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Blood and Urine among Residents around Camp Carroll

“…이 표준 원액을 각각 0.5, 0.5, 10 mL씩 취하여 100 mL 용량 플라스크에 옮기고 탈이온수로 희석하여 각각 10, 10, Calafat et al, 2003;Bader et al, 2004). Figure 1은 휘발성 유기화합물 생체시료 대상자의 되고 있다 (Imbriani et al, 2001).…”