Urinary Levels of Estrogens and Pregnanediol and Plasma Levels of Progesterone during the Menstrual Cycle of the Chimpanzee: Relationship to the Sexual Swelling

Graham, Charles E.; Collins, Delwood C.; Robinson, Hugh; Preedy, J. R. K.

doi:10.1210/endo-91-1-13

Cited by 100 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…The present results refute this claim by revealing that swelling cycles occurred in all eight of the old chimpanzees that ovulated but did not occur in the single old animal that did not ovulate. Indeed, anogenital swelling has an underlying physiology precisely regulated by fluctuations in ovarian steroids (Dahl et al 1991;Deschner et al 2004;Emery Thompson 2005;Graham et al 1972;McArthur et al 1981;Nadler et al 1985). This high degree of association between anogenital swelling and ovulation reinforces our previous conclusion that ovulation in chimpanzees continues into advanced old age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…1. PdG levels greater that 1,000 ng/mg creatinine were taken as definitive evidence of ovulation (Graham et al 1972;Shimizu 2005). This increase corresponds to the mid-cycle decline on perineal swelling and typically continues to rise before declining to levels less than 1,000 ng/mg creatinine typical of the follicular phase or anovulatory periods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Herndon

Paredes

Wilson

et al. 2011

AGE

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Menopause in women occurs at mid-life. Chimpanzees, in contrast, continue to display cycles of menstrual bleeding and genital swelling, suggestive of ovulation, until near their maximum life span of about 60 years. Because ovulation was not confirmed hormonally, however, the age at which chimpanzees experience menopause has remained uncertain. In the present study, we provide hormonal data from urine samples collected from 30 female chimpanzees, of which 9 were old (>30 years), including 2 above the age of 50 years. Eight old chimpanzees showed clear endocrine evidence of ovulation, as well as cycles of genital swelling that correlated closely with measured endocrine changes. Endocrine evidence thus confirms prior observations (cyclic anogenital swelling) that menopause is a late-life event in the chimpanzee. We also unexpectedly discovered an idiopathic anovulation in some young and middle-aged chimpanzees; this merits further study. Because our results on old chimpanzees validate the use of anogenital swelling as a surrogate index of ovulation, we were able to combine data on swelling and urinary hormones to provide the first estimates of age-specific rates of menopause in chimpanzees. We conclude that menopause occurs near 50 years of age in chimpanzees as it does in women. Our finding identifies a basic difference between the human and chimpanzee aging processes: female chimpanzees can remain reproductively viable for a greater proportion of their life span than women. Thus, while menopause marks the end of the chimpanzee's life span, women may thrive for decades more.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Herndon

Paredes

Wilson

et al. 2011

AGE

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“…This is in apparent contrast to the common marmoset, in which oestradiol is the major urinary oestrogen in both pregnant and non-pregnant females (Shackleton, 1974(Shackleton, , 1975Lunn, 1978). Oestrone is also the major urinary oestrogen excreted in the cyclic adult female owl monkey (Bonney & Setchell, 1980), vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops: Setchell, Bull & Adlercreutz, 1980), hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus entellus: Shandilya, Ramaswami & Shandilya, 1976), orang-utan (Pongopygmaeus: Collins, Graham & Preedy, 1975), and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes: Graham, Collins, Robinson & Preedy, 1972). Whether the higher concentrations of urinary oestrone in tamarins reflects higher circulating levels of oestrone or whether the majority of the circulating oestradiol is metabolized to oestrone in the liver or kidney before excretion (Diczfalusy & Levitz, 1970) is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic excretion of urinary oestrogens in female tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

French¹,

Abbott

Scheffler

et al. 1983

Reproduction

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Summary. Urine was collected from 6 female cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) and urinary oestrone and oestradiol concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Oestrone was excreted at 50-fold higher concentrations than oestradiol. Five females showed patterns of regular oestrone cyclicity, with a mean peak-to-peak oestrone cycle of 23\m=.\6\m=+-\1\m=.\2days. Levels of oestradiol tended to vary with levels of oestrone excretion, but peaks were less pronounced and more variable. The sixth female, diagnosed as having 'wasting marmoset syndrome', had very low levels of excreted oestrogens, suggesting infertility. We suggest that urinary oestrone provides a good index to ovarian cyclicity in female cotton-top tamarins.

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“…The chimpanzee is an excellent model for the study of the human menstrual cycle; the hormonal changes are similar and observation of the sexual skin indicates periods of oestrogen secretion (swelling) and the beginning of the Iuteal phase (regression) (Graham, Collins, Robinson & Preedy, 1972;Graham, Keeling, Chapman, Cummins & Haynie, 1973;Graham, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between basal body temperature, sexual swelling and urinary gonadal hormone levels in the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee

Graham¹,

Warner²,

Misener³

et al. 1977

Reproduction

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Summary. Basal body temperature (BBT) was measured continuously by radiotelemetry throughout 14 chimpanzee menstrual cycles and correlated with daily observations of the sexual skin swelling. A biphasic BBT shift from a pre-nadir mean of 36\ m=. \ 12\ s=deg\ C to a post-nadir mean of 36\m=.\67\s=deg\Cwas observed in 12 cycles. The temperature nadir showed a close temporal relationship with detumescence of the sexual skin swelling (an early luteal event), but the rate of temperature rise after the nadir was variable.In 3 normal cycles studied, the temperature nadir occurred the day after a urinary oestrone peak, but there was no consistent temporal association between BBT rise and pregnanediol increment. Progesterone secretion is therefore probably not the sole determinant of the BBT shift ; the changing oestrogen/progestin ratio may be the more important factor regulating body temperature during the luteal phase.

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Urinary Levels of Estrogens and Pregnanediol and Plasma Levels of Progesterone during the Menstrual Cycle of the Chimpanzee: Relationship to the Sexual Swelling

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Cyclic excretion of urinary oestrogens in female tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

The association between basal body temperature, sexual swelling and urinary gonadal hormone levels in the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee

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