The association between basal body temperature, sexual swelling and urinary gonadal hormone levels in the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee

Graham, Charles E.; Warner, Howard; Misener, J.; Collins, Delwood C.; Preedy, J. R. K.

doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0500023

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…2) , Kazuhisa NISHIMURA 3) , Shigehisa KAWAKAMI 4) , Kazuo OKUDA 3) , Eriko SAITO 4) , Takuji SHIMADA 4) , Hidefusa SAKAMOTO 5) , Hiroshi YANAGIMOTO 5) , Seitaro WADA 5) , Kaneyoshi NISHIO 6) , Hideyuki FUJI 6) , Tetsuya SUZUKI 6) , Hisashi HASHIKAWA 6) , Hiroshi KUSUNOKI 7) and Osamu DOI 1)…”

Section: Tetsuya Satounclassified

“…Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, 2) Animal Escort Service, Kanzaki-gun, Hyogo 679-2214, 3) Himeji Central Park, Himeji, Hyogo 679-2121, 4) Gunma Safari Park, Tomioka 370-2321, 5) Kyoto Municipal Zoo, Kyoto 606-8333, 6) Nagoya Higashiyama Zoo, Nagoya 464-0804 and 7) Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In female humans and chimpanzees (Pan troglo-d y t e s ) [ 6 ] , b o d y t e m p e r a t u r e ( b a s a l b o d y temperature) is used to document the menstrual cycle and ovulation time besides being used for health checks. It is well established that basal body temperature changes along with the menstrual or ovulatory cycle in these apes.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature nadir is a more reliable indicator of the time of ovulation in the chimpanzee [6]. The body temperature of cows (vaginal temperature) is lowest just before estrus and is high on the day of estrus, low again at the time of ovulation and high during the luteal phase [8].…”

Section: Relationship Between Body Temperature and Ovarian Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship Between Body Temperature and Ovarian Cycle in Asian and African Elephants

Kusuda

Wakimoto

Sato

et al. 2007

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether changes in body temperature are related to the ovarian cycle in elephants. Rectal, tongue or fecal temperature was measured for 2 Asian and 5 African elephants using an electric thermometer. Evaluation of ovarian cycles was based on the changes in serum or fecal progestin. The mean ± SD values of the rectal, tongue, and fecal temperatures were 36.3 ± 0.3 (2 Asian), 36.2 ± 0.5 (1 African) and 36.5 ± 0.3 C (4 African), respectively; the fecal temperature was the highest of the 3 temperatures (P<0.01). The longitudinal changes in body temperatures correlated with the ovarian cycle, with higher temperatures occurring during the luteal phase. The fecal temperatures of one acyclic African elephant did not change cyclically. These results suggest that measurement of body temperature can be used to easily evaluate the ovarian cyclicity of an individual animal, although it might not be able to determine the ovarian cycle length. Key words: Fecal temperature, Ovarian cycle, Progesterone, Rectal temperature, Tongue temperature (J. Reprod. Dev. 53: [1099][1100][1101][1102][1103][1104][1105] 2007) he body temperature and thermoregulatory behavior of the elephant have been studied for many years [1,2]. The methods used to measure the body temperatures of elephants include insertion of a clinical thermometer into the rectum (rectum temperature), insertion of a clinical thermometer into feces immediately after defecation (fecal temperature) and direct measurement of the temperature of urine midstream during urination (urinary temperature) [1,3]. It has been believed that measurement of the urine temperature is suitable for body temperature measurement because a large amount of urine is stored deep within the elephant's body [1]. However, measurement of the fecal temperature is a simple and safe method for large mammals such as the elephant [3]. It has been reported that the fecal temperature well reflects an elephant's rectal temperature and that the values are very similar [1]. The normal range of the rectal temperature of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana) is 36 to 37 C [4,5], and a fever of 38 C is considered significant [5].In female humans and chimpanzees (Pan troglo-

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Section: Tetsuya Satounclassified

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationship Between Body Temperature and Ovarian Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship Between Body Temperature and Ovarian Cycle in Asian and African Elephants

Kusuda

Wakimoto

Sato

et al. 2007

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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“…Many captive studies have focused on pinpointing the timing of ovulation in relation to other cycle events. The authors of these studies agree that ovulation is correlated with the timing of swelling detumescence, rather than the onset of swelling [Graham, 1973[Graham, , 1982Graham et al, 1972Graham et al, , 1977McArthur et al, 1981;Nadler et al, 1985;Steinetz et al, 1992a]. Unfortunately, most of these studies had small sample sizes, and, taken in sum, leave some ambiguity about both the timing of ovulation and the consistency of this timing across cycles [Hamilton, 1984].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive endocrinology of wild female Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): methodological considerations and the role of hormones in sex and conception

Thompson

2005

American J Primatol

115

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Fecal and urine samples were collected from 81 female East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in three major study populations in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and Budongo Forest Reserve and Kibale National Park, Uganda. In this study I evaluated issues related to sample storage and assay reliability, and used these methods to investigate the significance of ovarian hormone levels in terms of conception success and sexual behavior. Drying of feces proved to be an effective technique and resulted in hormonal concentrations that were significantly correlated with concentrations in frozen feces. Estimates of ovarian steroid production based on urine and fecal sampling were significantly correlated with each other. The ovarian cycle profiles obtained, which were aligned relative to sexual swelling detumescence, corroborate previous findings in wild west African chimpanzees [Deschner et al., Animal Behaviour 66:551-560, 2003] in suggesting that the fertile period is limited to the last week of tumescence, but that ovulatory timing is not as precise as previously thought. A comparison across cycles confirmed the hypothesis that higher ovarian steroid levels are associated with an increased probability of conception. Females that did conceive with relatively low hormone levels had poor reproductive outcomes. Sexual behavior was tied to the probability of conception both within and across cycles. Copulatory activity within cycles closely followed the estrogen profile and was timed to coincide, on average, with the peak fertile period of females. Further, rates of copulation were significantly higher during the fertile periods of cycles that led to conception than those that did not.

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The interrelationship between sex skin swelling and the urinary excretion of LH, estrone, and pregnanediol by the cycling female chimpanzee

McArthur

Beitins

Gorman

et al. 1981

American J Primatol

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The interrelationship between sex skin swelling and the urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone and sex steroids was investigated during ovulatory menstrual cycles in adult female chimpanzees. Estrone was excreted in two peaks, one during the preovulatory and the other during the midluteal phase. Maximum swelling of the sex skin was attained several days before the preovulatory estrone peak. The LH surge preceded or accompanied beginning detumescence of the sex skin which, in turn, was closely correlated with a rising excretion of pregnanediol. Urinary measurements provide integrated estimates of the concentration of fluctuating hormones and, in addition, are safer and easier to make than blood measurements in this species.

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The association between basal body temperature, sexual swelling and urinary gonadal hormone levels in the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Relationship Between Body Temperature and Ovarian Cycle in Asian and African Elephants

Relationship Between Body Temperature and Ovarian Cycle in Asian and African Elephants

Reproductive endocrinology of wild female Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): methodological considerations and the role of hormones in sex and conception

The interrelationship between sex skin swelling and the urinary excretion of LH, estrone, and pregnanediol by the cycling female chimpanzee

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