The interrelationship between sex skin swelling and the urinary excretion of LH, estrone, and pregnanediol by the cycling female chimpanzee

McArthur, Janet W.; Beitins, Inese Z.; Gorman, Andrew; Collins, Delwood C.; Preedy, J. R. K.; Graham, Charles E.

doi:10.1002/ajp.1350010303

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This pattern, with an estrogen plateau rather than peak, would have resulted in part from variation in the timing of the estrogen peak in different cycles. However, it is also not uncommon for individual chimpanzee cycles to show dual follicular estrogen peaks or peaks that last for 2-4 days [Deschner et al, 2003;Graham et al, 1977;McArthur et al, 1981;Nadler et al, 1985] (this study), and this should be considered in calculations of ovulation time. Peaks 7-8 days before detumescence imply that ovulations should begin to occur on days D-6 to D-4 [McArthur et al, 1981;Nadler et al, 1985;Steinetz et al, 1992a].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The ovarian cycle of chimpanzees has been well described for captive individuals [Dahl et al, 1991;Emery & Whitten, 2003;Graham et al, 1972;McArthur et al, 1981;Nadler et al, 1985;Shimizu et al, 2003a;Steinetz et al, 1992b]. Until recently, however, limitations of field and laboratory methods have precluded evaluation of the ovarian cycles of wild chimpanzees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many captive studies have focused on pinpointing the timing of ovulation in relation to other cycle events. The authors of these studies agree that ovulation is correlated with the timing of swelling detumescence, rather than the onset of swelling [Graham, 1973[Graham, , 1982Graham et al, 1972Graham et al, , 1977McArthur et al, 1981;Nadler et al, 1985;Steinetz et al, 1992a]. Unfortunately, most of these studies had small sample sizes, and, taken in sum, leave some ambiguity about both the timing of ovulation and the consistency of this timing across cycles [Hamilton, 1984].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive endocrinology of wild female Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): methodological considerations and the role of hormones in sex and conception

Thompson

2005

American J Primatol

115

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Fecal and urine samples were collected from 81 female East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in three major study populations in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and Budongo Forest Reserve and Kibale National Park, Uganda. In this study I evaluated issues related to sample storage and assay reliability, and used these methods to investigate the significance of ovarian hormone levels in terms of conception success and sexual behavior. Drying of feces proved to be an effective technique and resulted in hormonal concentrations that were significantly correlated with concentrations in frozen feces. Estimates of ovarian steroid production based on urine and fecal sampling were significantly correlated with each other. The ovarian cycle profiles obtained, which were aligned relative to sexual swelling detumescence, corroborate previous findings in wild west African chimpanzees [Deschner et al., Animal Behaviour 66:551-560, 2003] in suggesting that the fertile period is limited to the last week of tumescence, but that ovulatory timing is not as precise as previously thought. A comparison across cycles confirmed the hypothesis that higher ovarian steroid levels are associated with an increased probability of conception. Females that did conceive with relatively low hormone levels had poor reproductive outcomes. Sexual behavior was tied to the probability of conception both within and across cycles. Copulatory activity within cycles closely followed the estrogen profile and was timed to coincide, on average, with the peak fertile period of females. Further, rates of copulation were significantly higher during the fertile periods of cycles that led to conception than those that did not.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive endocrinology of wild female Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): methodological considerations and the role of hormones in sex and conception

Thompson

2005

American J Primatol

115

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“…Standard methods of survival analysis were employed to produce Kaplan-Meier estimates and standard errors of age-specific prevalence of menopause (Lee 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Herndon

Paredes

Wilson

et al. 2011

AGE

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Menopause in women occurs at mid-life. Chimpanzees, in contrast, continue to display cycles of menstrual bleeding and genital swelling, suggestive of ovulation, until near their maximum life span of about 60 years. Because ovulation was not confirmed hormonally, however, the age at which chimpanzees experience menopause has remained uncertain. In the present study, we provide hormonal data from urine samples collected from 30 female chimpanzees, of which 9 were old (>30 years), including 2 above the age of 50 years. Eight old chimpanzees showed clear endocrine evidence of ovulation, as well as cycles of genital swelling that correlated closely with measured endocrine changes. Endocrine evidence thus confirms prior observations (cyclic anogenital swelling) that menopause is a late-life event in the chimpanzee. We also unexpectedly discovered an idiopathic anovulation in some young and middle-aged chimpanzees; this merits further study. Because our results on old chimpanzees validate the use of anogenital swelling as a surrogate index of ovulation, we were able to combine data on swelling and urinary hormones to provide the first estimates of age-specific rates of menopause in chimpanzees. We conclude that menopause occurs near 50 years of age in chimpanzees as it does in women. Our finding identifies a basic difference between the human and chimpanzee aging processes: female chimpanzees can remain reproductively viable for a greater proportion of their life span than women. Thus, while menopause marks the end of the chimpanzee's life span, women may thrive for decades more.

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“…The LH surge and ovulation occur on the last 1-2 days of maximal swelling [Elder, 1938;Graham et al, 1972]. Regression of the genital swelling is associated with decreasing levels of estrogen and increasing lev-els of progesterone [Graham et al, 1972;McArthur et al, 1981;Nadler et al, 1985]. A second estrogen peak occurs during the luteal phase of the cycle concurrent with the peak in progesterone.…”

Section: Chimpanzee Menstrual Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian hormone concentrations and genital swelling patterns in female chimpanzees with Norplant implants

et al. 1997

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The interrelationship between sex skin swelling and the urinary excretion of LH, estrone, and pregnanediol by the cycling female chimpanzee

Cited by 30 publications

References 16 publications

Reproductive endocrinology of wild female Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): methodological considerations and the role of hormones in sex and conception

Reproductive endocrinology of wild female Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): methodological considerations and the role of hormones in sex and conception

Menopause occurs late in life in the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Ovarian hormone concentrations and genital swelling patterns in female chimpanzees with Norplant implants

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