Ovarian hormone concentrations and genital swelling patterns in female chimpanzees with Norplant implants

Bettinger, Tamara L.; Cougar, Debbie; Lee, D. Rick; Lasley, Bill L.; Wallis, Janette

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1997)16:3<209::aid-zoo2>3.0.co;2-e

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In the great apes and humans, E 1 C exhibited two peaks, the first occurring at approximately mid cycle and the second peak occurring during the luteal phase. These profiles were consistent with those reported in the human (Czekala et al 1988), chimpanzee (Steinetz et al 1992;Bettinger et al 1997;Shimizu et al 2003), gorilla (Dahl et al 1987;Czekala and Sicotte 2000), orangutan (Lasley et al 1980;Nadler et al 1984), and bonobo (Heistermann et al 1996). On the other hand, in the long-tailed macaque, increase of E 1 C in the luteal phase was small or nonexistent and the absolute levels of E 1 C and PdG were generally lower.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Comparative study of urinary reproductive hormones in great apes

Shimizu

Udono²,

Tanaka

et al. 2003

Primates

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Urinary estrone conjugates (E 1 C), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined by enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) during the normal menstrual cycle in the orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo. Furthermore, the data were compared to those levels in the human and long-tailed macaque. The results showed a typical preovulatory E 1 C surge and postovulatory increase in PdG in all species. The pattern of E 1 C during the menstrual cycle in the great apes more closely resembled the human than do the long-tailed macaque. A major difference of E 1 C pattern between these species appeared in the luteal phase. In the great apes and the human, E 1 C exhibited two peaks, the first peak detected at approximately mid cycle and the second peak detected during the luteal phase. On the other hand, in the longtailed macaque, increase of E 1 C in the luteal phase was small or nonexistent. The gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo exhibited similar PdG trends. The orangutan excreted one tenth less PdG than these species during the luteal phase. The long-tailed macaque also excreted low levels of PdG. The patterns of FSH in orangutan, chimpanzee, bonobo and long-tailed macaque showed a marked mid-cycle rise and an early follicular phase rise, similar to those in the human. Comparing similar taxa, a large difference was found in FSH of gorilla; there were three peaks during the menstrual cycle. Thus, there is considerable species variation in the excretion of these hormones during the menstrual cycle and comparative studies could be approached with a single method. The methods and baseline data presented here provide the basis for a practical approach to evaluation and monitoring of ovarian events in the female great apes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Comparative study of urinary reproductive hormones in great apes

Shimizu

Udono²,

Tanaka

et al. 2003

Primates

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“…During their cycle, a female chimpanzee’s sexual swelling size and shape will change in ways that can be visually assessed using a 0–4 scale (Graham 1981), which takes into consideration several factors, including the overall size and color of the swelling (Reichert et al 2002). While acknowledging that those females that exhibited sexual swelling changes following a regular cycle may not have been experiencing typical fluctuations in hormone levels (Proctor et al 2011, but see Bettinger et al 1997), we note that the benefit of this visual scale is that it can be used as an indicator of hormone levels in the absence of hormonal assays (Deschner et al 2004). In the Electronic Supplementary Materials (ESM1), we provide details of how we recorded the females’ sexual swelling cycles and information about the impact of birth control on the females’ cycling.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of personality, age, sex, and estrous state on chimpanzee problem-solving success

et al. 2013

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Despite the importance of individual problem solvers for group- and individual-level fitness, the correlates of individual problem-solving success are still an open topic of investigation. In addition to demographic factors, such as age or sex, certain personality dimensions have also been revealed as reliable correlates of problem-solving by animals. Such correlates, however, have been little-studied in chimpanzees. To empirically test the influence of age, sex, estrous state, and different personality factors on chimpanzee problem-solving, we individually tested 36 captive chimpanzees with two novel foraging puzzles. We included both female (N = 24) and male (N = 12) adult chimpanzees (aged 14–47 years) in our sample. We also controlled for the females’ estrous state—a potential influence on cognitive reasoning—by testing cycling females both when their sexual swelling was maximally tumescent (associated with the luteinizing hormone surge of a female’s estrous cycle) and again when it was detumescent. Although we found no correlation between the chimpanzees’ success with either puzzle and their age or sex, the chimpanzees’ personality ratings did correlate with responses to the novel foraging puzzles. Specifically, male chimpanzees that were rated highly on the factors Methodical, Openness (to experience), and Dominance spent longer interacting with the puzzles. There was also a positive relationship between the latency of females to begin interacting with the two tasks and their rating on the factor Reactivity/Undependability. No other significant correlations were found, but we report tentative evidence for increased problem-solving success by the females when they had detumescent estrous swellings.

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“…However, recent studies with a synthetic progestin, levonorgestrel, have demonstrated it to be a safe, nonpathologic compound in several species [Baldwin et al, 1994;Bettinger et al, 1997;Looper et al, 2001;Nisker et al, 1988;Tell et al, 1994;Wise et al, 1980]. Levonorgestrel's modes of contraceptive action include anovulation, deficient luteal phases, suppression of follicular growth, and alterations to cervical mucus [Croxatto et al, 1981[Croxatto et al, , 1982[Croxatto et al, , 1988Brache et al, 1985Brache et al, , 1990Brache et al, , 1999Nisker et al, 1988;Ratsula et al, 1989;Faundes et al, 1991;Lemus et al, 1992;Baldwin et al, 1994;Darney, 1994;Telleria et al, 1994;Kuhnz et al, 1995;Shirly and Bundren, 1995;Bettinger et al, 1997;Tell et al, 1999]. Levonorgestrel exhibits strong progestational effects and lacks estrogen-like activity [Lemus et al, 1992] which may promote the occurrence of species-typical behavior [e.g., genital swelling in chimpanzees; see Bettinger et al, 1997 for a complete review].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of levonorgestrel as an effective means of contraception in the white‐faced saki (Pithecia pithecia)

et al. 2002

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This study examines the use levonorgestrel (Norplant ® -2) as a means of contracepting white-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia). A 70-mg silastic tubule of levonorgestrel was implanted subdermally between the scapulae in four multiparous and two nulliparous females. Implants remained in the females housed with males of proven fertility for 81 to 734 days. All females experienced low, acyclic levels of estrone conjugates (E 1 C, < 500 ng/mg Cr) and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG, < 1.5 µg/mg Cr) after insertion of the implant. In five females having nine contraceptive bouts, ovulation was completely blocked for the entire duration of Norplant insertion (range: 81-734 days) as evidenced by a lack of cyclic changes in excretory hormone levels. However, one female was observed to have cyclic ovarian hormonal levels 5.8 months after Norplant insertion. Thus, levonorgestrel can be an effective method for blocking cyclic ovarian hormonal changes for 1 year (n = 2) and possibly as long as 2 years (n = 3). Zoo Biol 21: 49-57, 2002.

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Ovarian hormone concentrations and genital swelling patterns in female chimpanzees with Norplant implants

Cited by 26 publications

References 45 publications

Comparative study of urinary reproductive hormones in great apes

Comparative study of urinary reproductive hormones in great apes

Influence of personality, age, sex, and estrous state on chimpanzee problem-solving success

Use of levonorgestrel as an effective means of contraception in the white‐faced saki (Pithecia pithecia)

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