Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother–child pairs

Frederiksen, Hanne; Nielsen, Jeanette K.; Mørck, Thit Aarøe; Hansen, Per Waaben; Jensen, Jens Fog; Nielsen, O.B.; Andersson, Anna‐Maria; Knudsen, Lisbeth E.

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.006

Cited by 249 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Very low levels of the phthalate metabolites of DEP, DEHP, DiBP, DnBP and BBzP were measured in both mothers and children. Average concentrations of all the metabolites, except for MEP, were higher in the children compared to those in the mothers, which has been shown in other similar studies (Frederiksen et al 2013;Kasper-Sonnenberg et al 2012;Silva et al 2004). A possible explanation for this phenomenon is higher exposure in children due to more frequent hand-mouth contact or because of unique exposure patterns in children, for example, playing with toys or exposure via food (Angerer et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Pilot study testing a European human biomonitoring framework for biomarkers of chemical exposure in children and their mothers: experiences in the UK

Exley

Aerts

Biot

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Exposure to a number of environmental chemicals in UK mothers and children has been assessed as part of the European biomonitoring pilot study, Demonstration of a Study to Coordinate and Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale (DEMOCOPHES). For the Europeanfunded project, 17 countries tested the biomonitoring guidelines and protocols developed by COPHES. The results from the pilot study in the UK are presented; 21 school children aged 6-11 years old and their mothers provided hair samples to measure mercury and urine samples, to measure cadmium, cotinine and several phthalate metabolites: mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxoh e x y l ) p h t h a l a t e ( 5 o x o -M E H P ) a n d m o n o ( 2 -ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Questionnaire data was collected on environment, health and lifestyle. Mercury in hair was higher in children who reported frequent consumption of fish (geometric mean 0.35 μg/g) compared to those that ate fish less frequently (0.13 μg/g, p=0.002).Cadmium accumulates with age as demonstrated by higher levels of urinary cadmium in the mothers (geometric mean 0.24 μg/L) than in the children(0.14 μg/L). None of the mothers reported being regular smokers, and this was evident with extremely low levels of cotinine measured (maximum value 3.6 μg/L in mothers, 2.4 μg/L in children). Very low levels of the phthalate metabolites were also measured in both mothers and children (geometric means in mothers: 5OH-Responsible editor:

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Pilot study testing a European human biomonitoring framework for biomarkers of chemical exposure in children and their mothers: experiences in the UK

Exley

Aerts

Biot

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…At the time the mixture was designed, only very limited data on co-occurrence of several chemicals in one and the same individuals were available. However, recently published data from biomonitoring studies indicate that co-occurrence of high levels of environmental contaminants like phthalates, phenols, and parabens does occur, as high individual exposures to one chemical was shown often to be associated with high exposure to the other measured chemicals (Frederiksen et al 2013a(Frederiksen et al , 2013b. These data indicate that it is conceivable that certain individuals could have higher than average simultaneous exposure to a large part of the chemicals used in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixtures of endocrine-disrupting contaminants induce adverse developmental effects in preweaning rats

et al. 2014

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Reproductive toxicity was investigated in rats after developmental exposure to a mixture of 13 endocrine-disrupting contaminants, including pesticides, plastic and cosmetic ingredients, and paracetamol. The mixture was composed on the basis of information about high-end human exposures, and the dose levels reflecting 100, 200, and 450 times this exposure were tested. The compounds were also grouped according to their estrogenicity or anti-androgenicity, and their joint effects were tested at two different doses, with each group reflecting 200 or 450 times human exposure. In addition, a single paracetamol dose was tested (350 mg/kg per day). All exposures and a vehicle were administered by oral gavage to time-mated Wistar dams rats throughout gestation and lactation, and their offspring were assessed for reproductive effects at birth and in prepuberty. The mixture doses, which included the anti-androgenic compounds, affected the male offspring by causing decreased anogenital distance, increased nipple retention (NR), and reduced ventral prostate weights, at both medium and high doses. In addition, the weights of the levator ani/bulbocavernosus muscle (LABC) were decreased at the high dose of anti-androgen mixture. No effects were seen after exposure to the estrogenic chemicals alone, whereas males exposed solely to paracetamol showed decreased LABC weights and increased NR. Thus adverse reproductive effects were observed at mixtures reflecting 200 times high-end human exposure, which is relatively close to the safety margin covered by the regulatory uncertainty factor of 100. This suggests that highly exposed human population groups may not be sufficiently protected against mixtures of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

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“…In Denmark, and six other countries the study was expanded by including bisphenol A (BPA) measurements in the urine (7). The individual exposures to many of these chemicals have been reported previously (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), but not the exposures to PBDEs -used as flame retardants -and glyphosate -a widely used herbicide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomonitoring of Danish school children and mothers including biomarkers of PBDE and glyphosate

Knudsen

Hansen

Mizrak

et al. 2017

Reviews on Environmental Health

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AbstractBackground:The Danish part of the large European Human biomonitoring pilot project Demonstration of a study to Coordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale (DEMOCOPHES) investigated the urine, hair and blood concentrations of 66 different environmental chemicals in a group of 145 Danish school children aged 6–11 years and their mothers from rural and urban areas in autumn 2011. Some – but not all – results were published; however, the concurrence of the chemicals has not been assessed.Methods:The measured concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and glyphosate is assessed to complete the investigation of all 66 chemicals in DEMOCOPHES. The concentrations of PBDEs were measured in plasma samples of 143 mothers and 116 children. Glyphosate was measured in a subsample of 27 urine samples. Previously assessed chemicals were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) analyzed in blood samples, mercury analyzed in hair, and phthalate metabolites, parabens, phenols, cadmium, paracetamol and cotinine analyzed in urine samples. Differences in concentrations between mothers and children were assessed, and the associations between the concentrations of the different environmental chemicals. investigated by correlation analysis.Results:PBDE47 was found in relatively high levels compared with previous Danish results in both mothers and children, with a significantly higher level in the children compared to their mothers. Glyphosate in concentrations around 1 ng/mL was detected in all 27 samples. The analyzed environmental exposures seem to follow a pattern where chemicals within the same classes are strongly correlated and where children and mothers are exposed to the same chemicals.Conclusion:The correlations between the measured environmental chemicals indicate that a specific exposure pattern may exist, where people who are highly exposed to one class of environmental chemicals also may be highly exposed to certain other classes. As some of the compounds were measured in higher levels in children compared to mothers, increased focus also on the exposure in young children is recommended. For more detailed investigation of specific exposure sources more studies with increased power and detailed questionnaires should be developed.

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Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother–child pairs

Cited by 249 publications

References 51 publications

Pilot study testing a European human biomonitoring framework for biomarkers of chemical exposure in children and their mothers: experiences in the UK

Pilot study testing a European human biomonitoring framework for biomarkers of chemical exposure in children and their mothers: experiences in the UK

Mixtures of endocrine-disrupting contaminants induce adverse developmental effects in preweaning rats

Biomonitoring of Danish school children and mothers including biomarkers of PBDE and glyphosate

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