Urinary Cotinine as Marker of Breathing Other People's Tobacco Smoke

Wald, NicholasJ.; Boreham, Jillian; Bailey, Alan; Ritchie, Carolyn; Haddow, J E; Knight, George J.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92156-1

Cited by 169 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These "passive smokers," like active smokers, have increased levels of smoke by-products in body fluids,3 4 increased activation of enzyme systems that metabolize potential carcinogens,5 and increased levels of urinary mutagens,6'7 albeit all at much lower levels than active smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deaths from all causes in non-smokers who lived with smokers.

Sandler¹,

Comstock²,

Helsing³

et al. 1989

Am J Public Health

110

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Mortality associated with passive smoking was evaluated in a 12-year study of 27,891 White adult smokers and 19,035 never smokers identified in 1963. Death rates were calculated using an estimate of the person-years at risk. Adjusted for age, marital status, education, and quality of housing, the estimated relative risks of death from all causes were 1.17 (approximate 95% confidence interval 1.01, 1.36) for men and 1.15 (1.06, 1.24) for women with passive exposure. These relative risks were similar to those for

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deaths from all causes in non-smokers who lived with smokers.

Sandler¹,

Comstock²,

Helsing³

et al. 1989

Am J Public Health

110

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“…The mean and standard deviation of the polarisation response values were calculated. The mean response corresponded to an apparent cotinine concentration of 0·12 mgIL and the mean response less three standard deviations corresponded to an apparent concentration of 0·45 mg/L, The apparent cotinine concentration in the non-smokers was comparatively high due to a combination of passive Sixty-nine urine samples from both smokers and non-smokers which had been previously assayed by RIA 6 were assayed by PFIA. For the 39 specimens with measurable cotinine concentrations, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0·92 where PFIA (y) and RIA (x) were related by the regression line y=0·90x-Q·04 (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Single-Reagent Polarisation Fluoroimmunoassay for Cotinine (a Nicotine Metabolite) in Urine

et al. 1986

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SUMMARY. A rapid, single-reagent, non-separation, non-isotopic immunoassay was developed for determining levels of the nicotine metabolite, cotinine, in urine.The single reagent was prepared by pre-mixing an appropriate dilution of sheep anti-cotinine serum with a fluorescein-labelled cotinine tracer.All normal reliability criteria were satisfied. The assay was found to be specific for cotinine and there was no cross reactivity with other available nicotine metabolites and structurally-related compounds. The results obtained correlated closely with those of an established radioimmunoassay. The assay was well-suited to application in the discrimination of active smokers from non-smokers (and passive smokers).A dose-response relationship exists between the number of cigarettes smoked and the risk of developing smoke-related diseases. 1 This explains the interest in ways of distinguishing between smokers and non-smokers (passive smokers) shown by insurance companies, surgeons and forensic scientists. Suitable methods include measurement of serum thiocyanate and carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations/: 3 and the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in biological fluids.v" The measurement of urinary cotinine is the preferred approach for several reasons. Firstly, cotinine is only derived from the metabolism of nicotine," whereas carboxyhaemoglobin and thiocyanate levels can be raised due to environmental influences. 2 Secondly, the methods for measuring cotinine are less complex than those for thiocyanate and carboxyhaemoglobin. Thirdly, urine is more convenient to assay than blood. Finally, cotinine has a half-life of between 7 and 40 h,? whereas the half-life of nicotine is less than 30 rnin.l'' There are several methods available for the detection of cotinine concentrations in urine, including chromatographic procedures. However, despite recent developments in highperformance liquid chromatography and gasCorrespondence: M C Hansel, Department of Chemical Pathology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 48--50Bartholomew Close, London ECIA 7HL, UK. 596 liquid chromatography, these methods are still complex and time consuming, and require sample preparation and large sample volumes." Radioimmunoassar (RIA) are the most widely used technique.P' . 11, 12 being both sensitive and specific, but their use may involve administrative and regulatory complications, and the methods are technically complex, due to the need for a separation step. Also, assays involving tritiated tracer suffer from the inconvenience and cost of liquid scintillation counting, while radioiodinated tracers have a limited shelf-life. This paper describes the development and validation of a single reagent polarisation fluoroimmunoassay (PFIA) for measuring urinary cotinine, based on the increase in signal associated with antibody binding of a fluorescent-labelled antigen. 13 Its use permits a rapid, non-separation assay, with reagents that have a virtually indefinite shelf-life and avoid any biohazard and administrative problems. The assay covers the range of cot...

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“…To know the level of passive smoking, measurement of concentration of cotinine in the urine is useful (Matsukura et al 1984;Wald et al 1984). However, it is very hard to assess the passive smoking level over a period of several decades because the half-life of serum cotinine is 72 hr.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%