Urinary concentrations of trichloroacetic acid in Danish workers exposed to trichloroethylene, 1947-1985

Raaschou‐Nielsen, Ole; Hansen, Johnni; Christensen, Jytte Molin; Blot, William J.; McLaughlin, Joseph K.; Olsen, Jørgen H.

doi:10.1002/1097-0274(200103)39:3<320::aid-ajim1020>3.0.co;2-8

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The results of a recent study of concentrations of the TCE metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in the urine of Danish workers (31) are in agreement with several of the ndings of this study: 1) concentrations of TCA decreased markedly from 1947 to 1985; 2) relatively high concentrations were found in workers from the iron and metal industry; and 3) TCA levels were two times higher among men than among women workers in the iron and metal industry. The study found higher TCA levels among younger than among older workers, whereas in this study, age was not signi cantly associated with exposure to TCE.…”

Section: Table IVsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Particularly in the dry-cleaning industry, a number of other halogenated solvents such as perchloroethylene and Freon 113 have been used. A very limited amount of mixed solvents have been used as spotting agent during the whole calendar period but the switch to these other chemicals as the solvent of choice, however, typically occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, (31) and the vast majority of the nonspeci c TCE measurements occurred before 1960. The possibility of in uential interferences cannot be excluded but would probably be a relatively rare phenomenon.…”

Section: Table IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure of Danish Workers to Trichloroethylene, 1947-1989

Raaschou-Nielsen¹,

Hansen²,

Thomsen³

et al. 2002

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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The aim of this study was to investigate the exposure of Danish workers to trichloroethylene (TCE) and the factors that affected such exposure. Data from Danish health authorities were evaluated for use in an epidemiological study of possible adverse health effects of TCE. The paper files relating to 1,075 air measurements taken between 1947 and 1989 at 150 companies were examined to extract information about calendar year, company, industry, type of measurement, and worker. Multiple regression models were used to analyze the effects of various factors on the concentration of TCE. TCE concentrations decreased over the four decades studied. The geometric mean was 329 mg/m3 for measurements taken 1947-1959, and 260 mg/m3, 53 mg/m3, and 23 mg/m3, respectively, for the three subsequent decades. Regression analyses showed that 1) TCE concentrations decreased on average 4 percent per year before 1964 and 15 percent per year afterward; 2) area and personal measurements gave similar concentrations (for the same calendar period, industry, and duration of measurement); 3) longer-duration measurements were associated with lower TCE concentrations; 4) high TCE concentrations occurred in the iron and metal industry; and, 5) in this industry men were exposed to concentrations two times those of women. Moreover, this study indicated that both the exposure level and the proportion of exposed workers in Danish companies increased with decreasing number of employees. Epidemiological studies of health effects of TCE may benefit from evaluating potential risk within different strata of calendar time, number of company employees, sex, and type of industry.

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Section: Table IVsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Table IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of Danish Workers to Trichloroethylene, 1947-1989

Raaschou-Nielsen¹,

Hansen²,

Thomsen³

et al. 2002

Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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“…Moreover, these workers were likely exposed to other solvents that may also produce U-TCA as a metabolite (National Research Council of the National Academies 2006). Raaschou-Nielsen et al (2001 investigated the factors related to TCE exposure among Danish workers in various industries. In general, there was agreement between estimated air concentrations and U-TCA concentrations regarding decreasing levels of exposure over time, relatively high concentrations in the iron and steel industry, including airplane maintenance, and higher levels of exposure among men than women.…”

Section: Exposure Assessment Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis of occupational trichloroethylene exposure and liver cancer

Alexander

Kelsh

Mink

et al. 2007

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Although positive associations were observed for some analyses, results were inconsistent across occupational groups (aerospace/aircraft vs. other industries combined), study location, and incidence versus mortality endpoints. In addition, exposure-response trends were not observed consistently across studies. Interpretation is also limited by the potential impact of uncontrolled confounding by other occupational or lifestyle exposures such as smoking or alcohol consumption. Given these limitations, the currently available epidemiologic data are not sufficient to support a causal relation between occupational TCE exposure and liver/biliary cancer.

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“…In addition, the levels of TCAA in urine (Bloemen et al 2001;Fisher et al 1998;Raaschou-Nielsen et al 2001;Vartiainen et al 1993) and in plasma (Ziglio 1981) have been used as a biomarker for occupational or unintentional exposure to trichloroethylene, (TCE), a compound that is partially metabolized to TCAA in humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary levels of trichloroacetic acid, a disinfection by-product in chlorinated drinking water, in a human reference population.

Calafat

Kuklenyik

Caudill

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), a known mouse liver carcinogen and a possible human carcinogen, is found in chlorinated drinking water. We measured TCAA in archived urine samples from a reference population of 402 adults using isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. TCAA was detected in 76% of the samples examined at concentrations ranging from < 0.5 micro g TCAA/L to more than 25 micro g/L; the 90th percentile concentration was 23 micro g/L (22 micro g TCAA/g creatinine); and the geometric mean and median concentrations were 2.9 micro g/L (2.6 micro g/g creatinine) and 3.3 micro g/L (3.2 micro g/g creatinine), respectively. The frequency of detection of TCAA in urban areas was higher than in rural areas (p = 0.00007), and sex and place of residence (i.e., urban vs. rural) were found to have a significant interaction in modulating the levels of TCAA (p = 0.012). Urban residents had higher mean levels of TCAA (men, 5.3 micro g/L, 3.8 micro g/g creatinine; women, 2.9 micro g/L, 2.8 micro g/g creatinine) than did rural residents (men, 2.2 micro g/L, 1.7 micro g/g creatinine; women, 2.6 micro g/L, 2.7 micro g/g creatinine). The higher frequency of detection of TCAA in urban than in rural areas and higher levels of TCAA among urban than among rural residents may reflect the fact that urban residents use primarily chlorinated water from public water supplies, whereas those in rural areas are more likely to obtain water from private wells, which typically are not chlorinated.

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Urinary concentrations of trichloroacetic acid in Danish workers exposed to trichloroethylene, 1947-1985

Cited by 21 publications

References 19 publications

Exposure of Danish Workers to Trichloroethylene, 1947-1989

Exposure of Danish Workers to Trichloroethylene, 1947-1989

A meta-analysis of occupational trichloroethylene exposure and liver cancer

Urinary levels of trichloroacetic acid, a disinfection by-product in chlorinated drinking water, in a human reference population.

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