Urinary Concentrations of Parabens in Chinese Young Adults: Implications for Human Exposure

Ma, Wan–Li; Wang, Lei; Guo, Ying; Liu, Liyan; Qi, Hong; Zhu, Ning-Zheng; Gao, Chong-Jing; Li, Yifan; Kannan, Kurunthachalam

doi:10.1007/s00244-013-9924-2

Cited by 110 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In the present study, the maximum estimated daily intake (EDI) for total parabens from swimming pool water, based on body weights of 70 and 15 kg for adults and children, were 5.39 and 15.9 ng kg −1 body weight per day, respectively, indicating that children are more sensitive than adults to the potential health risks. Previous studies have reported that the EDI for the total parabens for adults and children are 74.4 and 40.8 μg kg −1 body weight per day, respectively (Asimakopoulos et al 2014;Ma et al 2013). These values were several orders of magnitude higher than the maximum EDI for the total parabens from swimming pool water, suggesting that human exposure to parabens from swimming pools is negligible.…”

Section: Human Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 84%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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As an emerging group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, parabens have attracted growing attention due to their potential effects on human health. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens, and their common hydrolysis product, phydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were investigated in 39 swimming pools in Beijing, China. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben were the predominant compounds in swimming pools, accounting for 91.2 % of the total parabens. It is noteworthy that octyl paraben, a paraben with longer chain, was firstly detected in this study. There were several factors affecting the levels of parabens among the 39 swimming pools. The concentrations of parabens and chlorinated derivatives detected in indoor pools (144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (6.78 ng L −1 ). Hotel pools appear to present higher level of target compounds (361 ng L −1 ) than that in health club (228 ng L −1 ), municipal (130 ng L −1 ), school (75.6 ng L −1 ), and community pools (63.0 ng L −1 ). Moreover, the level of these compounds in pools during weekends (174 ng L −1 ) was much higher than that during weekdays (52.3 ng L −1 ). The dynamics of target compounds were also investigated to provide a general trend of the level of parabens in a school indoor swimming pool during a 14-week period. Human exposure assessment was conducted to estimate the potential risk of exposure to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools. Considering the total exposure dose of multiple parabens, human exposure to parabens from the water of swimming pools is negligible. However, the threat of these parabens to children in swimming pool should be concerned.

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Section: Human Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 84%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Moreover, synergistic effects between phthalates and pesticides have been reported (Christiansen et al, 2009) and are not included in the HI cumulative model. In this risk assessment, parabens and BP3 were not included because, until now, there is too much lack of knowledge and too many uncertainties on the toxicokinetics of these compounds (Ma et al, 2013;Søeborg et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phthalates, parabens and BP3 are three chemical classes of nonpersistent endocrine-disrupting pollutants eliminated from the human body within a day (Anderson et al, 2001;Ma et al, 2013;Gonzalez et al, 2006). However, since human exposure occurs daily, the question of the temporal representativeness of the urinary biomarker measurements could be raised (Dewalque et al, 2014a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal variability of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, parabens and benzophenone-3 in a Belgian adult population

Dewalque

Pirard

Vandepaer

et al. 2015

Environmental Research

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“…Parabens have been quantified in the vast majority of human urine samples in biomonitoring studies from different parts of the world , Frederiksen et al 2011b, Ma et al 2013. Humans are exposed to parabens mainly via personal care products and cosmetics, as reviewed e.g.…”

Section: Parabensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations for estimating daily intake values of nonpersistent environmental endocrine disruptors based on urinary biomonitoring data

Søeborg¹,

Frederiksen²,

Andersson³

2014

Reproduction

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Human exposure to chemicals may be estimated by back-calculating urinary concentrations resulting from biomonitoring studies if knowledge of the chemical's toxicokinetic properties is available. In this paper, available toxicokinetic data for back-calculating urinary concentrations into daily intake values for bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, parabens, and triclosan (TCS) are reviewed and knowledge gaps are identified. Human data is evaluated and presented with relevant animal data. Focus is on the recovery of the administered dose, the route of administration, and differences between humans and animals. Two human toxicokinetic studies are currently used to conclude that an oral dose of BPA is recoverable in urine and that no free BPA is present in plasma in spite of several contradicting biominotoring studies. Urinary recovery of an oral dose of phthalates in humans is complicated to assess due to extensive metabolism. In animals using 14 C-marked phthalates, near-complete recovery is observed. An oral dose of 14 C-marked parabens is also almost completely recovered in animals. In both humans and animals, however, two unspecific metabolites are formed, which complicates the back-calculation of parabens in humans. The recovery of both oral and dermal TCS in humans has been studied, but due to background levels of TCS, the back-calculation is difficult to perform. In conclusion, due to limited data, reasonable estimates of daily intake values based on urinary data are often not possible to obtain. Several knowledge gaps are identified and new studies are suggested. The route of administration used in toxicokinetic studies often does not match realistic scenarios.

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Urinary Concentrations of Parabens in Chinese Young Adults: Implications for Human Exposure

Cited by 110 publications

References 33 publications

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Temporal variability of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, parabens and benzophenone-3 in a Belgian adult population

Considerations for estimating daily intake values of nonpersistent environmental endocrine disruptors based on urinary biomonitoring data

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