Urinary aflatoxin exposure monitoring in rural and semi-urban populations in Ogun state, Nigeria

Ezekiel, Chibundu N.; Oyeyemi, Oyetunde T.; Oyedele, Oluwawapelumi A.; Ayeni, Kolawole I.; Oyeyemi, Ifeoluwa T.; Nabofa, Williams; Nwozichi, Chinomso Ugochukwu; Dada, Akinola

doi:10.1080/19440049.2018.1475752

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Aflatoxin production is a chemotaxonomic signature in the Aspergillus section Flavi group, especially among strains of A. flavus , A. aflatoxiformans, and A. pseudonomiae [ 50 ]. Consequently, the recovery of toxigenic strains in the present study may imply that frequent ingestion of these foods is a contributory factor to the high aflatoxin exposure recorded in Nigeria [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria

Ekpakpale

Kraak

Meijer

et al. 2021

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Grains and cassava-based foods serve as major dietary sources for many households in Nigeria. However, these foods are highly prone to contamination by moulds and aflatoxins owing to poor storage and vending practices. Therefore, we studied the fungal diversity in maize, cassava-based flour (pupuru), and rice vended in markets from Ondo state, Nigeria, and assessed their aflatoxin levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular analysis of 65 representative fungal isolates recovered from the ground grains and pupuru samples revealed 26 species belonging to five genera: Aspergillus (80.9%), Penicillium (15.4%), and Talaromyces (1.9%) in the Ascomycota; Syncephalastrum (1.2%) and Lichtheimia (0.6%) in Mucoromycota. Aspergillus flavus was the predominant species in the ground grains and pupuru samples. Aflatoxins were found in 73.8% of the 42 representative food samples and 41.9% exceeded the 10 μg/kg threshold adopted in Nigeria for total aflatoxins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria

Ekpakpale

Kraak

Meijer

et al. 2021

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“…Urine AFM 1 levels in young Bangladeshi children are far lower than levels found in children of some African countries (Table 5 ), i.e. in Cameroon (Ediage et al 2013 ), Guinea (Polychronaki et al 2008 ), Nigeria (Ezekiel et al 2020 , 2018 ; Sarkanj et al 2018 ), Sierra Leone (Jonsyn-Ellis 2001 ) and Tanzania (Chen et al 2018 ). However, the AFM 1 mean level in our cohort is higher than that reported in children urines in Egypt (Polychronaki et al 2008 ), and it approaches levels found in Ethiopia (Ayelign et al 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Analysis of urinary AFM 1 has been used in many studies as biomarker of recent AFB 1 exposure (e.g. Polychronaki et al 2008 ; Mitchell et al 2013 ; Ayelign et al 2017 ; Chen et al 2018 ; Ezekiel et al 2018 ). Urine is widely used for biomonitoring of mycotoxins which are readily excreted, for example DON: it is found in human urine as parent compound (free DON), but a far larger part are DON-glucuronides (DON-GlcA), mostly DON-15-GlcA and DON-3-GlcA (Turner et al 2008 , 2011 ; Brera et al 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of aflatoxin M1 and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in infants and children urines from Bangladesh

et al. 2020

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The mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are found worldwide in crops and dietary staples. The prevalence and levels of these contaminants can vary greatly, and data in Bangladeshi food commodities are scarce. To characterize human exposure, we have conducted biomonitoring, analyzing AFM1 (a metabolite of AFB1) and DON levels in urines of adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Yet, AFM1 and DON occurrence has not been studied in the very young population of this country. Thus, the same methods, HPLC-FD for AFM1 and LC–MS/MS for DON analysis, were now applied to determine these biomarkers in urines of infants (n = 49) and young children (n = 105) in Rajshahi and Dhaka district. Overall, AFM1 and DON detection frequency was 43.5% and 33.4%, with 34.7% and 11.5% in infant and 47.6% and 39.4% in children urines, respectively. The mean AFM1 levels in all infants (9.1 ± 14.3, max 55.6 pg/mL) and children (8.8 ± 12.9, max 75.3 pg/mL) were not significantly different. The AFM1 mean level was slightly higher in Dhaka (9.4 ± 12.4) compared to Rajshahi (8.5 ± 13.9 pg/mL) district. The average DON level was about 2-fold higher in infant (3.8 ± 2.9, max 6.8 ng/mL) than children urines (1.6 ± 1.8, max 8.6 ng/mL), and higher in Rajshahi (2.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL) than Dhaka (1.4 ± 1.6 ng/mL) district. The biomarker-based estimated average daily DON intake (29.6 ± 108.3 ng/kg bw in infants and 36.4 ± 81.8 ng/kg bw in children) or the maximum exposure (560 ng/kg bw) do not exceed the current maximum provisional tolerable daily intake value of 1 µg/kg bw for DON, although DON exposure in infants and children is higher than that of Bangladeshi adults. The AFM1 urine levels in young children are somewhat lower than those found previously in adult cohorts in Bangladesh, but the frequent detection of this biomarker for AFB1 exposure raises further concerns, also for this vulnerable part of the population. Therefore, continuous surveillance for aflatoxins in Bangladeshi food commodities is clearly required, first to identify major sources of intake and then to reduce exposure.

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“…Complementary foods in Africa can be contaminated with mycotoxins (Chuisseu Djamen et al 2018; Kimanya et al 2009, 2010, 2014; Juan et al 2014; Kolakowski et al 2016; Cappozzo et al 2017; Oueslati et al 2018; Ojuri et al 2018, 2019), and ingested mycotoxins or their metabolites may be found in various bio-fluids including blood, urine and breast milk (Cherkani-Hassani et al 2016; Warth et al 2016; Braun et al 2018; Ferrufino-Guardia et al 2019; Polychronaki et al 2008; Ediage et al 2013; Ezekiel et al 2014; Shirima et al 2015; Gerding et al 2015; Heyndrickx et al 2015; Schwartzbord et al 2016; Ayelign et al 2017; Chen et al 2017; Papageorgiou et al 2018; Sanchez and Diaz 2019, Turner et al 2012a; Vidal et al 2018). Only a limited number of studies have assessed multiple mycotoxin exposure in Nigerian children using biomarkers of exposure (Adejumo et al 2013; Ezekiel et al 2014, 2018b; Braun et al 2018; McMillan et al 2018; Sarkanj et al 2018), while none in any country has assessed infant’s exposures to multi-mycotoxins using multiple specimens (complementary foods and breast milk) and additionally via urine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin exposure biomonitoring in breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed Nigerian children

Cn¹,

Braun

et al. 2020

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BACKGROUND: Infants are a vulnerable population whose nutrition changes as complementary foods are introduced; a process which may modify patterns of exposure to dietary mycotoxins. However, exposure monitoring of dietary mycotoxin mixtures in several biological samples obtained from breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed children is scarce. OBJECTIVES: To examine mycotoxin co-exposure patterns in infants using a multi-specimen, multi-mycotoxin approach. METHODS: Breast milk, complementary food and urine obtained from 65 infants, aged 1-18 months, in Ogun state, Nigeria, were analyzed for mycotoxins using ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS approaches. RESULTS: Complementary food was contaminated with seven distinct classes of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (9/42 samples; range: 1.0-16.2ug/kg) and fumonisins (14/42; range: 8-167ug/kg). Aflatoxin M1 was detected in breast milk (4/22), while six other classes of mycotoxins were quantified; including dihydrocitrinone (6/22; range: 14.0-59.7ng/L) and sterigmatocystin (1/22; 1.2ng/L) detected for the first time. Mycotoxins were detected in 64/65 of the urine samples, with seven distinct classes of mycotoxins observed demonstrating ubiquitous exposure. Two aflatoxin metabolites (AFM1 and AFQ1) and FB1 were detected in 6/65, 44/65 and 17/65 samples, respectively. Mixtures of mycotoxin classes were common, including 14/42, 22/22 and 56/65 samples having 2-4, 2-6 or 2-6 mycotoxins present, for complementary food, breast milk and urine, respectively. Aflatoxin and/or fumonisin was detected in 12/14, 4/22 and 46/56 for complimentary foods, breast milk and urine, respectively. Furthermore, the detection frequency, mean concentrations and occurrence of mixtures were typically greater in urine of non-exclusively breastfed compared to breastfed children. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides novel insights into mycotoxin co-exposures in children in a mycotoxin high-risk country without proper food safety measures. Albeit a small sample set, it highlights significant transition to higher levels of infant mycotoxin exposure as complementary foods are introduced, providing impetus to mitigate during this critical early-life period and encourage breastfeeding.

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Urinary aflatoxin exposure monitoring in rural and semi-urban populations in Ogun state, Nigeria

Cited by 22 publications

References 51 publications

Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria

Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria

Determination of aflatoxin M1 and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in infants and children urines from Bangladesh

Mycotoxin exposure biomonitoring in breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed Nigerian children

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