Urgensi Pemahaman Terhadap Maqashid Al-Syari’ah dan Perubahan Sosial dalam Istinbath Al-Ahkam

Abstract

Maqasid sharia is still one of the exciting study themes to be studied. Because of its development, the study of maqasid discourse is still in an effort to find the ideal form of the conceptual formulation. For this reason, this study will review the correlation between the understanding of maqasid sharia and social change as a necessity in an effort to do istinbath al-ahkam. This article uses a qualitative research method that uses authoritative references as primary sources and scientific publications as secondary sources of references which are then analyzed using descriptive-analytical methods. Three main points can be concluded from this article, namely: 1) the development of thought and social change influences the istinbath al-ahkam method of cases that are waqi’iyah; 2) understanding of social changes in society based on socio-anthropological aspects both in the Nubuwwah era and today is significant in maqasidi reasoning; 3) understanding maqashid sharia and social change is very urgent (essential) for a jurist, especially for the purposes of istinbath al-ahkam so that the legal conclusions drawn do not depend on a literal understanding of the text alone; Moreover, this legal case never happened in the time of the Prophet Muhammad p.b.u.h. is still alive, and it is difficult to find the text explicitly, and the resulting law can carry the spirit of the maqasid itself, namely masalih lil ‘ibad.Keywords: Maqashid Sharia; Social Change; Istinbath al-Ahkam.Abstrak: Maqasid al-syari’ah menjadi salah satu tema kajian yang menarik untuk dikaji. Sebab dalam perkembangannya, kajian diskursus maqasid masih dalam upaya mencari bentuk rumusan konsepsi yang ideal. Untuk itu, kajian ini akan mengulas korelasi antara pemahaman atas maqasid al-syari’ah dan perubahan sosial sebagai sebuah keharusan dalam upaya melakukan istinbath al-ahkam. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang menjadikan rujukan-rujukan otoritatif sebagai sumber primer dan publikasi-publikasi ilmiah sebagai sumber sekunder referensinya yang kemudian dianalisa dengan metode deskriptif-analitis. Ada tiga poin utama yang dapat menjadi kesimpulan artikel ini yaitu: 1) perkembangan pemikiran dan perubahan sosial mempunyai pengaruh terhadap cara istinbath al-ahkam atas kasus-kasus yang bersifat waqi’iyah; 2) pemahaman atas perubahan sosial masyarakat yang berbasis pada aspek sosio-antropologis baik pada masyarakat era nubuwwah maupun saat ini sangat penting dalam nalar maqasidi; 3) memahami maqashid al-syari’ah dan perubahan sosial menjadi sesuatu yang sangat urgen (penting) bagi seorang ulama ahli hukum terutama bagi keperluan istinbath al-ahkam sehingga kesimpulan hukum yang diambil tidak bergantung pada pemahaman nash secara literal semata; apalagi kasus hukum tersebut tidak pernah terjadi di zaman Rasulullah masih hidup, dan sulit dicari nash-nya secara eksplisit, serta hukum yang dihasilkan dapat membawa ruh dari maqasid itu sendiri yaitu masalih lil ‘ibad.Kata Kunci: Maqashid al- Syari’ah; Perubahan Sosial; Istinbath al-Ahkam.

The implementation of Maqashid Sharia: heterogeneity of scholars' fatwas towards Islamic banking contracts

“…Therefore, al-Thûfî bases the concept of mashlahah and mafsadah on four principles: 1) reasons can freely know the benefits and mafsadah; 2) mashlahah as a sharia proposition apart from texts, with the understanding that the provisions regarding mashlahah and mafsadah are only related to custom and human experience; 3) the scope of mashlahah and mafsadah is limited in terms of mu'âmalah and custom; 4) since mashlahah and mafsadah can be known spontaneously by using reasons, mashlahah is the most potent proposition of sharia. Therefore, if a contradiction between the text and mashlahah arises, mashlahah must be applied with takhshîsh (taking a special meaning) or bayân (detailed explanation) of the meaning of the text rather than cancelling it (Yusdani, 2000) Maqâshid al-syarî'ah provides a perspective of reasoning in solving problems of Islamic law, especially mu'âmalah laws in the context of a pluralistic religious life of the people (Asa'ari et al, 2021;Kholish et al, 2020). The application of maqâshid al-syarî'ah in fatwas issued by scholars has a very important significance in the context of sustainability and justice in Islamic society (Matsum, 2023;Herliana, 2023).…”