Urgency forces stimulus-driven action by overcoming cognitive control

Poth, Christian H.

doi:10.7554/elife.73682

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Work by Poth, 2021 showed that robust capture phenomena can be generated in urgent tasks that use button presses instead of saccades and impose very different cognitive demands on the choice process. Task conditions akin to pro and anti were distinguished not by different spatial rules, but rather by contextual features that could be congruent (e.g., >>>>>) or incongruent with a central stimulus (e.g., <<><<).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous capture accounts for fundamental differences between pro- and antisaccade performance

Goldstein

Stanford

Salinas

2022

eLife

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To generate the next eye movement, oculomotor circuits take into consideration the physical salience of objects in view and current behavioral goals, exogenous and endogenous influences, respectively. However, the interactions between exogenous and endogenous mechanisms and their dynamic contributions to target selection have been difficult to resolve because they evolve extremely rapidly. In a recent study (Salinas et al., 2019), we achieved the necessary temporal precision using an urgent variant of the antisaccade task wherein motor plans are initiated early and choice accuracy depends sharply on when exactly the visual cue information becomes available. Empirical and modeling results indicated that the exogenous signal arrives ∼80 ms after cue onset and rapidly accelerates the (incorrect) plan toward the cue, whereas the informed endogenous signal arrives ∼25 ms later to favor the (correct) plan away from the cue. Here, we scrutinize a key mechanistic hypothesis about this dynamic, that the exogenous and endogenous signals act at different times and independently of each other. We test quantitative model predictions by comparing the performance of human participants instructed to look toward a visual cue or away from it under high urgency. We find that, indeed, the exogenous response is largely impervious to task instructions; it simply flips its sign relative to the correct choice, and this largely explains the drastic differences in psychometric performance between the two tasks. Thus, saccadic choices are strongly dictated by the alignment between salience and behavioral goals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous capture accounts for fundamental differences between pro- and antisaccade performance

Goldstein

Stanford

Salinas

2022

eLife

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“…Vagal tone measured at rest is associated with connectivity between the DMN and FPN (Chand et al, 2020). The transition between cognitive processes can either be subject to self-regulated metacognitive control (Shimamura, 2014) or stimulus-driven as a result of stress and emotional influence (Baek & Falk, 2018;Poth, 2021). A recent study found that the FPN was involved in metacognitive judgements along with DMN structures, where activity in both the DLPFC and MPFC was negatively associated with confidence judgements (Morales et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DLPFC is specifically involved in metacognitive decision-making, while both DLPFC and MPFC are involved in prospective metacognitive judgments (Fleur et al, 2021;Vaccaro & Fleming, 2018). Cognitive processes can go from being metacognitively controlled (Friedman & Robbins, 2022;Shimamura, 2014) to reactive (stimulus-driven) when subjected to stress or under emotional influence (Baek & Falk, 2018;Poth, 2021). Previous studies on CyOs identified several emotional processes that may have differing effects on teamwork and communication (Ask et al, 2021b;Lugo et al, 2016Lugo et al, , 2017bLugo et al, , 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The processing of emotional stimuli may influence cyber team performance (Ask et al, 2021b;Lugo et al, 2016Lugo et al, , 2017bLugo et al, , 2021 for example by diverting attention away from externally directed and endogenously controlled cognitive processing and more towards stimulus-driven external (Poth, 2021) or internally directed self-referential processing (Baek & Falk, 2018). The DLPFC is involved in the self-report of valence (Nejati et al, 2021) and can be distinguished from other prefrontal structures based on this function (Fujimoto et al, 2021;Nejati et al, 2021;Terasawa et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurophysiological and Emotional Influences on Team Communication and Metacognitive Cyber Situational Awareness During a Cyber Engineering Exercise

Ask¹,

Knox²,

Lugo³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Cyber operations unfold at superhuman speeds where cyber defense decisions are based on human-to-human communication aiming to achieve a shared cyber situational awareness. The recently proposed Orient, Locate, Bridge (OLB) model suggests a three-phase metacognitive approach for successful communication of cyber situational awareness for good cyber defense decision-making. Successful OLB execution implies applying cognitive control to coordinate self-referential and externally directed cognitive processes. In the brain, this is dependent on the frontoparietal control network and its connectivity to the default mode network. Emotional reactions may increase default mode network activity and reduce attention allocation to analytical processes resulting in sub-optimal decision-making. Vagal tone is an indicator of activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal node of the frontoparietal control network and is associated with functional connectivity between the frontoparietal control network and the default mode network. The aim of the present study was to assess whether indicators of neural activity relevant for the processes outlined by the OLB model were related to outcomes hypothesized by the model. Cyber cadets (N = 36) enrolled in a three-day cyber engineering exercise organized by the Norwegian Defense Cyber Academy participated in the study. Differences in prospective metacognitive judgements of cyber situational awareness, communication demands, and mood were compared between cyber cadets with high and low vagal tone. Vagal tone was measured at rest prior to the exercise. Affective states, communication demands, cyber situational awareness, and metacognitive accuracy was measured on each day of the exercise. We found that cyber cadets with higher vagal tone had better metacognitive judgments of cyber situational awareness, imposed less communication demands on their teams, and had more neutral moods compared to cyber cadets with lower vagal tone. These findings provide neuroergonomic support for the OLB model and suggest that it may be useful in education and training. Future studies should assess the effect of OLB-ing as an intervention on communication and performance.

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“…Accumulating evidence suggests that alerting is driven by the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system which is responsible for maintaining an adequate level of arousal (Aston-Jones & 12 Dietze and Poth Journal of Cognition DOI: 10.5334/joc.242 Cohen, 2005). The activity of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system has been associated with different modes (tonic and phasic;Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005;Gabay et al, 2011;Gabay & Henik, 2010) as reflected by pupillary responses through state changes of phasic alertness (Petersen et al, 2017) and urgency (Poth, 2021). This in turn has been found to influence the appearance of inhibition of return, a common phenomenon of spatial orienting (Gabay et al, 2011), which demonstrates that both networks can interact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phasic Alertness is Unaffected by the Attentional Set for Orienting

Dietze

Poth

2022

Journal of Cognition

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Warning stimuli preceding target stimuli for behaviour improve behavioural performance, which is referred to as phasic alerting. Similar benefits occur due to preceding orienting cues that draw spatial attention to the targets. It has long been assumed that alerting and orienting effects arise from separate attention systems, but recent views call this into question. As it stands, it remains unclear if the two systems are interdependent, or if they function independently. Here, we investigated whether the current attentional set for orienting modulates the effectiveness of alerting. In three experiments, participants classified visual stimuli in a speeded fashion. These target stimuli were preceded by orienting cues that could predict the target's location, by alerting cues that were neutral regarding the target's location, or by no cues. Alerting cues and orienting cues consisted of the same visual stimuli, linking alerting cues with the attentional set for orienting. The attentional set for orienting was manipulated in blocks, in which orienting cues were either informative or uninformative about the target's location. Results showed that while alerting generally enhanced performance, alerting was unaffected by the informativeness of the orienting cues. These findings show that alerting does not depend on the attentional set that controls orienting based on the informational value of orienting cues. As such, the findings provide a simple dissociation of mechanisms underlying phasic alertness and spatial attentional orienting.

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Urgency forces stimulus-driven action by overcoming cognitive control

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

Exogenous capture accounts for fundamental differences between pro- and antisaccade performance

Exogenous capture accounts for fundamental differences between pro- and antisaccade performance

Neurophysiological and Emotional Influences on Team Communication and Metacognitive Cyber Situational Awareness During a Cyber Engineering Exercise

Phasic Alertness is Unaffected by the Attentional Set for Orienting

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