Urea hard segment morphology in flexible polyurethane foam

Neff, Raymond; Adedeji, Adeyinka; Macosko, Christopher W.; Ryan, Anthony J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(199803)36:4<573::aid-polb4>3.0.co;2-q

Cited by 41 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Molded flexible polyurethane foams are used in a broad range of applications including transportation seating and trim parts, packaging, furniture, and novelty items. The greatest advantage is that the foam is molded into the desired intricate shape and the need for cutting is eliminated [18,19]. If high shape fixity and high shape recovery are endowed to such foam products, precision molding with high durability will be implemented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape memory polyurethane foams

Kang¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

2012

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Molded flexible polyurethane (PU) foams have been synthesized from polypropylene glycol (PPG) with different molecular weights (M w ) and functionalities (f), and 2,4/2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80) with water as blowing agent. It was found that the glassy state properties of the foam mainly depended on the urethane group content while the rubbery state properties on the crosslink density. That is, PPG of low MW and low f (more urethane groups) provided superior glass state modulus, strength, density, shape fixity and glass transition temperature (T g ), while that of high M w and high f (higher crosslink density) showed high rubbery modulus and shape recovery. Consequently shape fixity of low M w PPG decreased from 85 to 72% while shape recovery increased from 52 to 63% as the content of high M w PPG increased from 0 to 40%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape memory polyurethane foams

Kang¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

2012

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…The final morphology of PU has been extensively studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SAXS [18][19][20] and recently atomic force microscopy (AFM). 21,22 Cooper 18 observed lamellar and cylindrical morphologies from TEM for a series of PU elastomers with semicrystalline hard segments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology Development via Reaction-Induced Phase Separation in Flexible Polyurethane Foam

Ryan

Meier

2002

Macromolecules

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Morphology development during reaction-induced phase separation in flexible polyurethane (PU) foam has been studied by time-resolved, small-angle X-ray scattering. Two different PU foaming systems, based on industrial formulations, have been studied. The scattering data have been analyzed using the Cahn-Hilliard model and fit to a Teubner-Strey microemulsion structure factor to extract morphological characteristics. Microphase separation was observed to follow spinodal decomposition kinetics; a bicontinuous morphology developed and was subsequently preserved by vitrification of the urea domains. The data analysis demonstrated that the amphiphilicity factor increases as the reactions proceed, due to the continuous formation of block copolymer poly(ether-urea).

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“…In the phase image (right) of the reference foam [Figure (a)], homogeneously distributed hard domains of 10–40 nm size are observed. According to literature, these domains can be assigned to urea rich regions . In addition, both the hard and soft segments are uniformly distributed, regardless of the height differences that are due to film wrinkles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and fire behavior of isophorone diisocyanate based polyurethane foams containing conventional flame retardants

Eceiza

Barrio

Martin

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This work reports on the fire behavior of isophorone diisocyanate‐based polyurethane foams containing different conventional flame retardants (FRs) such as melamine, ammonium polyphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, expandable graphite, and their combinations. The foams were obtained in a laboratory scale and characterized in terms of their morphology, density, thermal stability, and fire behavior. According to atomic force microscopy, the incorporation of FRs decreased the phase separated domain size. The cellular structure of the foams was examined qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy while the quantitative analysis of the surrounding skin was performed by optical microscopy and Image J. The FR containing foams showed more and smaller cells. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the FRs had no influence in the initial degradation temperature of the foams. However, the obtained residue values were higher than the theoretical ones, indicating that there was some type of interaction between the FRs and the foams. The fire behavior of polyurethane foams was studied by the cone calorimeter and the data showed that the introduction of expandable graphite and combinations of ammonium polyphosphate/melamine to the reference foam gave rise to a significant reduction in the total heat release. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45944.

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Urea hard segment morphology in flexible polyurethane foam

Cited by 41 publications

References 5 publications

Shape memory polyurethane foams

Shape memory polyurethane foams

Morphology Development via Reaction-Induced Phase Separation in Flexible Polyurethane Foam

Thermal and fire behavior of isophorone diisocyanate based polyurethane foams containing conventional flame retardants

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