Urbanization Affects Plant Flowering Phenology And Pollinator Community: Effects Of Water Availability And Land Cover

Abstract

Abstract:Urban agriculture offers an alternative land use for integrating multiple functions in densely populated areas. While urban agriculture has historically been an important element of cities in many developing countries, recent concerns about economic and food security have resulted in a growing movement to produce food in cities of developed countries including the United States. In these regions, urban agriculture offers a new frontier for land use planners and landscape designers to become involved in the development and transformation of cities to support community farms, allotment gardens, rooftop gardening, edible landscaping, urban forests, and other productive features of the urban environment. Despite the growing interest in urban agriculture, urban planners and landscape designers are often ill-equipped to integrate food-systems thinking into future plans for cities. The challenge (and opportunity) is to design urban agriculture spaces to be multifunctional, matching the specific needs and preferences of local residents, while also protecting the environment. This paper provides a review of the literature on urban agriculture as it applies to land use planning in the United States. The background includes a brief historical perspective of urban agriculture around the world, as well as more recent examples in the United States. Land use applications are considered for multiple scales, from efforts that consider an entire city, to those that impact a single building or garden. Barriers and constraints to urban agriculture are discussed, followed by research opportunities and methodological approaches that might be used to address them. This work has implications for urban planners, landscape designers, and extension agents, as opportunities to integrate urban agriculture into the fabric of our cities expand. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2010, 2 2500

Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North

“…Backyard gardens have shifted into the scope of UA, especially in North America where backyard sharing programs are converting private gardens into forms of community gardens (Blake and Cloutier-Fisher 2009;Lovell 2010). …”

“…Patel 1996;Lovell 2010;Rosol 2010). Community gardens and allotments, school gardens and rooftop gardens in particular are operated by urban dwellers from the neighbourhood, so that proximity to housing areas is assumed.…”

Urbanisation, Nutrition and Food Security: A Climatological Perspective

“…Urban agriculture activities are broad and diverse and can include the cultivation of vegetables, medicinal plants, spices, mushrooms, fruit trees, and other productive plants, as well as the keeping of livestock for eggs, milk, meat, wool, and other products in both urban and periurban areas (Lovell 2010 ). Currently, urban food production systems provide an estimated 15-20 % of the global food supply through urban agriculture (Smit et al .…”

Business models in urban farming: A comparative analysis of case studies from Spain, Italy and Germany

“…Urban farming cultivates considerably large areas within agglomerations (Brinkley, 2012;Lohrberg, 2010;Lohrberg, 2011;Zasada, 2011). It is located in (intra-urban) and at the fringe (peri-urban) of cities, but the peri-urban transition zone is of the highest relevance (Lovell, 2010;Mougeot, 1999;Piorr et al, 2011;Opitz et al, 2016).…”

“…Farming in and around cities is also strongly influenced by the urban sphere (Heimlich and Barnard, 1992). Urban farming consists of commercial farming activities in metropolitan areas and is part of the wider urban agriculture umbrella, which includes -apart from professional urban farmingalso mushrooming non-profit oriented urban gardening initiatives of citizens (Lohrberg and Timpe, 2011;Lovell, 2010). Urban farming cultivates considerably large areas within agglomerations (Brinkley, 2012;Lohrberg, 2010;Lohrberg, 2011;Zasada, 2011).…”