Urban stone sulphation and oil-fired carbonaceous particles

Monte, Marco Del; Sabbioni, C.; Vittori, O.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(84)90289-4

Cited by 66 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Weathering has been considered a natural step in the ''life cycle'' of rocks since the pioneering papers in this field (Honeyborne and Harris 1958;Robinson and Baker 1975). However, it can be strongly accelerated by the action of acid substances derived from several combustion processes (Fassina et al 1976;Del Monte et al 1984;Ausset et al 1999;Esbert et al 2000;Delalieux et al 2001;McAlister et al 2006). Compositional and textural features of stone materials are acknowledged to be determining factors in the efficiency of the response offered against attack by aggressive environmental agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

2012

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Blackening and disaggregation of exposed surfaces of stone monuments are well-known effects of stone decay taking place in polluted urban environments all over the world. This paper aims to assess the contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate (TSP) causing permanent damage (black crusts) to the stone monuments of Catania (Sicily), one of the most popular ''cities of art'' of southern Italy. Atmospheric pollution of Catania, a typical Mediterranean coastal town, is mainly contributed by vehicle exhaust emissions rather than industrial ones. Episodically, the city also suffers gaseous and ash emissions (plumes) from the nearby Mount Etna volcano. Thus, to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic contributions to stone decay on Catania monuments, black crusts and TSP were sampled within the urban area and subjected to specific analytical procedures (optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry, ionic chromatography and dual inlet mass spectrometry). Mineralogical, chemical and isotopic characterization of black crusts and TSP provided new insights concerning the partition of sulfate sources in this particular urban context. The influence of Mount Etna emissions on both TSP and black crusts compositions was shown. Nevertheless, the key role of anthropogenic sources in the total sulfate budget was confirmed, while sea spray and volcanic emissions were found to make subordinate contributions. Quantitative data useful for the identification of the threshold pollution levels for preventive conservation of Catania monuments were obtained.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

2012

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“…Whereas research involving SCPs and their effects has been undertaken on soils (Wik and Renberg 1987;Yang et al 2001), bulk deposition , ice cores (Isaksson et al 2003), and building stone (Del Monte et al 1984;Sabbioni and Zappia 1991;Ausset et al 1999), the main focus has been on lake sediments. They have been used not only as a direct measure of contamination both spatially, using a number of surface sediments across a region (Wik and Renberg 1991;Rose and Juggins 1994;Rose and Harlock 1998), and historically at a single site (see for a review), but also as a means of providing reliable chronologies for sediment cores (Renberg and Wik 1984;1985;Rose et al 1995;Boyle et al 1999;Rose and Appleby 2005) and as a surrogate for other contaminants not well preserved in the sediment record (e.g., non-marine sulphate, Rose and Juggins 1994;Rose and Monteith 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality control in the analysis of lake sediments for spheroidal carbonaceous particles

Rose

2008

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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The use of spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in environmental studies as a means to identify atmospherically deposited contamination, or as a technique to provide a chronology for lake sediment cores, is rapidly increasing. However, currently there are no internationally accepted quality controls for this methodology. No reference standard exists to provide inter-calibration, and no standardized criteria for identification have been proposed. This paper addresses these issues. It is suggested that morphology (spheroidal but not spherical), color (black only), depth (i.e., three-dimensional rather than disc-like), and porosity (characteristic when present) should be used as criteria for SCP identification under the light microscope. A sediment reference material for SCP analysis has also been developed. Two hundred ten replicate analytical measurements were made on a homogenized sediment material resulting in a reliable estimate of the mean SCP concentration of 6005 ± 70 SCP per gram dry sediment ). This material is available to SCP analysts for quality control purposes.

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“…In this sense no traces of sulphates or sulphites have been found in samples from facades open to the sea. However, in the protected facades, gypsum is not washed out, promoting the formation of a black crust by a mechanism well described by Del Monte et al [39].…”

Section: Round Tombstonesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Analysis of bulk and inorganic degradation products of stones, mortars and wall paintings by portable Raman microprobe spectroscopy

Pérez-Alonso

Castro

Martínez‐Arkarazo

et al. 2004

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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This work reports the use of a portable Raman microprobe spectrometer for the analysis of bulk and decaying compounds in carbonaceous materials such as stones, mortars and wall paintings. The analysed stones include limestone, dolomite and carbonaceous sandstone, gypsum and calcium oxalate, both mono- and dihydrated, being the main inorganic degradation products detected. Mortars include bulk phases with pure gypsum, calcite and mixtures of both or with sand, soluble salts being the most important degradation products. The pigments detected in several wall paintings include Prussian blue, iron oxide red, iron oxide yellow, vermilion, carbon black and lead white. Three different decaying processes have been characterised in the mortars of the wall paintings: (a) a massive absorption of nitrates that reacted with calcium carbonate and promoted the unbinding of pigment grains, (b) the formation of black crusts in the vault of the presbytery and (c) the thermodecomposition of pigments due to a fire.

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Urban stone sulphation and oil-fired carbonaceous particles

Cited by 66 publications

References 5 publications

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

Natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate and their contribution to the formation of black crusts on building stone materials of Catania (Sicily)

Quality control in the analysis of lake sediments for spheroidal carbonaceous particles

Analysis of bulk and inorganic degradation products of stones, mortars and wall paintings by portable Raman microprobe spectroscopy

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