Urban–rural income disparity and inbound tourism: Spatial evidence from China

Abstract

The challenging concern regarding how the benefits of inbound tourism can be evenly distributed, especially among urban and rural individuals, has received considerable attention in China. To address this concern, a spatial econometrics approach is used to estimate the spillover effects of inbound tourism on urban–rural income disparity (URID). An empirical analysis using the spatial Durbin model was conducted for 31 Chinese provinces covering the period from 2003 to 2017. Our findings suggest that at the national level, local inbound tourism significantly reduces the local URID, while neighboring inbound tourism significantly increases the local URID. At the regional level, the role of inbound tourism in reducing the local URID is only detected in the western region. The spillover effects of inbound tourism are positive and significant in the eastern/northeastern region but negative in the western region. In general, these findings provide insights into the importance of interregional tourism policies and strategies for inbound tourism development in China.

Effects of Domestic Tourism on Urban-Rural Income Inequality: Evidence from China

“…Using a sample of 102 countries, Fang et al [28] find that international tourism improves income equality in developing economies, but has an insignificant impact in developed economies. Using data from Chinese provinces, Shi et al [29] find that inbound international tourism is negatively correlated with urban-rural income gap. Although most of the findings indicate a positive relation between tourism and income equality, potential issues of endogeneity and omitted variables could confound estimates of the relationship.…”

Spatial Effects of Domestic Tourism on Urban-Rural Income Inequality

“…A notable exception is the research of Shi et al [22], who investigate the effect of inbound tourism on urban-rural income inequality. They report that local and neighboring inbound international tourism in western China significantly improve local urban-rural income equality.…”

“…Considering that the degrees of social and economic development are highly heterogeneous across western, central, and eastern regions in China [22], it is necessary to check whether the impact of domestic tourism on urban-rural income inequality is homogeneous over these three regions. To this end, we re-estimate the baseline model for three subsamples separately and then compare the results.…”

“…The role of domestic tourism in reducing local urban-rural income inequality is only evident in the western and eastern regions, not in the central region. Compared with international tourism, domestic tourism has a broader scope for reducing the income gap between urban and rural areas, because Shi et al [22] only find a significantly negative impact of inbound tourism revenue on urban-rural income inequality in the western region, not in the central and eastern regions. Moreover, domestic tourism's role in reducing local urban-rural income inequality in western and eastern China is through domestic tourists' flows.…”

Efektifitas Pengelolaan Retribusi Parkir Berdasarkan Perda No. 12 Tahun 2011 di Kota Gorontalo

“…Keberhasilan pemerintah daerah di dalam mengelola sumber daya yang ada disekitarnya dan memanfaatkan sesuai dengan keperluan masyarakat (principal), dapat memberi dampak terhadap perkembangan ekonomi masyarakat sehingga ketertinggalan yang selama ini terjadi dapat bergeser ke arah yang lebih baik. Shi, Luo, Jin, Cheng, & Li, (2019) dalam kajiannya yang dilakukan di China menemukan bahwa ketertinggalan suatu daerah akan berpengaruh terhadap pemerintah pusat, sehingga harus dimajukan secara bersama-sama.…”