Urban–rural differences in immunisation status and associated demographic factors among children 12-59 months in a southwestern state, Nigeria

Abstract

Vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) are a leading course of child under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. A target of 95% immunization coverage is necessary for the sustained control of VPDs. This study aims to determine the immunization status and its associated demo-graphic factors among children 12–59 months old in Akinyele Local Government area (LGA), Oyo State, Nigeria. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in one urban and one rural ward of Akinyele LGA. Fourhundred and forty-four (449) Under-five children were selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected from caregivers using interviewer administered questionnaires. Odds ratios at 95% CIand Chi square at 5% significant level were computed to identify the factors associated with non or partial immunisation. Multiple logistics regression at 5% significance level was done to determine the socio-demographic determinants of immunisation status. Overall, 449 children aged 12–59 months were surveyed of which 213(47.4%) were males and 236(52.6%) were from urban area. Overall, 365(81.3%) was fully immunized, 75(16.7%) was partially immunized and 9(2.0%) had never been immunized. Predictors of a child being partially or un-immunised were being in the fourth wealth quintile (AOR 7.9; 95%CI: 2.7–18.0), poorest wealth quintile (AOR 14.5; 95%CI 4.2–20.5), having a mother with no education (AOR 6.4; 95%CI: 2.9–14.1) and a mother that practiced Islam (AOR: 2.2; 95%CI: 1.3–3.7). Immunisation coverage was somewhat high but still suboptimal among the study population. Strategies that improve female literacy and those that target religious institutions may be effective in improving immunisation uptake.

Urbanization and Child Health Outcomes in Nigeria

“…Moreover, despite the gaps in immunization coverage in Nigeria, a more significant number of urban children are vaccinated compared to their rural counterparts due to reasons such as parental economic and educational status and better terrains which permits wider coverage in the urban centers (UNICEF, 2020). Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) are the leading causes of child under-5 mortality in developing regions (Ijarotimi et al, 2018). Thus, more comprehensive access to routine immunization by the urban children tend to yield higher health premium evidenced in reduced mortalities (Ijarotimi et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018).…”

“…Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) are the leading causes of child under-5 mortality in developing regions (Ijarotimi et al, 2018). Thus, more comprehensive access to routine immunization by the urban children tend to yield higher health premium evidenced in reduced mortalities (Ijarotimi et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018).…”

Deep Dive Identification and Evaluation of Critical Factors Responsible for Poor Routine Immunization Uptake in Oyo State

“…Though with a pvalue >0.05, it might not be of statistical significance. A study done in Ogun state, Nigeria correlates this by stating in its findings that location or type settlement was not a predictor of immunisation status [19]. Also, respondents with secondary school or tertiary education had the least number of unimmunized children in comparison to their counterparts with no education.…”

The long-term success of mandatory vaccination laws at implementing the first vaccination campaign in 19thcentury rural Finland

“…First, we described the seasonal and annual dynamics of the smallpox vaccination campaigns in rural Finland and which age classes were targeted. Little is known on how the smallpox vaccination campaign was implemented in the 19 th century and to what extent it was successful (20), especially in rural areas where vaccination hesitancy remains high even today in many parts of the world (27). Second, we tested two specific hypotheses, namely: did the vaccination law cause (i) a long-term increase in vaccination coverage and (ii) a long-term decrease in variance in vaccination coverage.…”