Urban planning and public health: Analytical review

Abstract

This review focuses on certain challenges related to hygienic assessment of urban planning. Studies by Soviet (and later Russian) hygienists that have been accomplished since 1970ties have brought about optimal solutions for planning urban districts, climatic peculiarities taken into account. Specific hygienic standards have been developed with respect to insolation, building density, minimum safe distances from housing to parking areas, recommendations on creating green spaces along the busiest motorways as well as some other parameters that are now a part of regulatory documents on construction. A comfortable urban environment can hardly be created in Russian cities without adherence to hygienic standards regarding ambient air quality, noise levels, insolation, creating easily available open green spaces. All this should be implemented without any limitations on building density, especially in downtowns areas. Hygienic standards stipulate transition from fossil fuels to more environmentally friendly ones in cities located in Siberia and the Far East. There are also other multiple indicators of urban environment quality that shouldn’t be neglected. The review also considers how important insolation is for health of urban citizens, especially bearing in mind the latest data on significance of vitamin D for prevention of osteoporosis. A great attention is paid to positive effects produced by open green spaces on population health including mental health, higher levels of physical activity, better social interactions and mutual trust, and reduced social isolation. All these aspects are becoming truly vital after the COVID-19 pandemic. Green spaces are also important since they help mitigate certain negative consequences of living in an aggressive urban environment.

Interior designs of medical rooms for disabled people

“…In addition, increased emphasis is being placed on the accessibility of any public space for all population groups [6]. The principles of universal design and barrier-free environment promote the free movement and development of space by different groups of disabled people [7][8][9]. Nowadays, it is one of the most crucial tasks in medical institutions.…”

The significance of green spaces for protecting health of urban population

“…ний по этой проблеме, а также некоторые сведения о важности зеленых пространств для здоровья населения, опубликованные в 2022 г. [2]. Однако в этой работе практически не приводятся количественные параметры рисков здоровью при отсутствии или труднодоступности необходимых открытых зеленых пространств и зеленой инфраструктуры, расположении зеленых пространств в отдалении от селитебной территории.…”