Urban Morbidity and Air Pollution

Sterling, Theodor D.; Phair, John J.; Pollack, Seymour V.; Schumsky, Donald A.; deGroot, Ido

doi:10.1080/00039896.1966.10664528

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Inflammatory responses to 03 or N02 have not been evaluated in older adults. Epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant correlations between hospital visits, admission or mortality rates, and high oxidant pollution episodes (Sterling et al, 1966;Thurston et al, 1990;Dockery et al, 1993;Schwartz, 1994), particularly for older adults with preexisting pulmonary or cardiovascular disease. Since older adults typically have minimal or no pulmonary function responses to 03 or N02, it is possible that cardiovascular effects of exposure to air pollutants could be greater than have been appreciated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Output Effects of 03 and No2 Exposure in Healthy Older Adults

Drechsler-Parks

1995

Toxicol Ind Health

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Eight healthy adults (56-85 yrs) were exposed in an environmental chamber to filtered air (FA), 0.60 ppm NO2, 0.45 ppm O3, and 0.60 ppm NO2 + 0.45 ppm O3 to investigate the effects of NO2 and O3 exposure on cardiac output. The subjects were exposed to each condition for two hours, while they exercised and rested in alternating 20-min periods. Minute ventilation averaged 26-29 l/min among the four exposures. Cardiac output was measured by the noninvasive impedance cardiography method, and was recorded prior to each exposure with the subject at rest, and during the last five minutes of each exercise period. There were no differences in cardiac output at preexposure among the four exposures. The exercise-induced increase in cardiac output with NO2/O3 exposure was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than with the FA or O3 alone exposures. Reaction products of inhaled NO2 are known to cross the lung membranes, probably as a nitrate or nitrite. NO2 and O3 are also known to react together to form nitrate and nitrite. We hypothesize that a nitrate or nitrite reaction product of inhaled O3 and NO2 crosses the lung membrane into the general circulation, where it functions as a vasodilator, thereby reducing cardiac output.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac Output Effects of 03 and No2 Exposure in Healthy Older Adults

Drechsler-Parks

1995

Toxicol Ind Health

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“…The Los Angeles studies by Sterling and colleagues (46)(47)(48) appear to be more credible. In their first study (46), they examined 223 successive days from March to October 1961 for relationships with day ofthe week, weather and air pollution: oxidants, ozone, SO2, NO2, CO (often labeled as CO2 in the paper), NO, NOx, particulate matter (apparently COH), and "oxidant precursor." Pollution data were obtained from eight monitoring stations about 5 miles apart; hospital admissions were used from all hospitals with more than 100 beds located within 5 miles from an air monitoring station.…”

Section: Time-series Studiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…No information was presented on correlations between pollutants (which could greatly affect the multiple regression results) or on serial correlation effects. In summary, although the Sterling et al (46)(47)(48) studies may have been compromised by neglecting seasonal effects and serial correlation, the facts that temperature was not significant and some of the air pollutants were highly significant (p < 0.01) lead to the conclusion that bona fide associations were shown.…”

Section: Time-series Studiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

A critical review of studies of the association between demands for hospital services and air pollution.

Lipfert¹

1993

Environ Health Perspect

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Studies of the associations between air pollution and hospital admissions and emergency room use are reviewed, including studies of air pollution episodes, time-series analyses, and cross-sectional analyses. These studies encompass a variety of methods of analysis and levels of air quality. Findings from all three types of studies were generally consistent in that almost all of the studies reviewed found statistically significant associations between hospital use and air pollution; this unanimity may have resulted in part from publication bias. These associations were characterized by elasticities of the order of 0.20; i.e., a 100% change in air pollution was associated with a change in hospital use of about 20%, for specific diagnoses. Respiratory diagnoses were emphasized by most studies; cardiac diagnoses were included in five of them. The air pollutants most often associated with changes in hospital use were particulate matter, sulfur oxides, and oxidants. Apart from the major air pollution episodes, there was no obvious link between air pollution level and the significance or magnitudes of the associations. Long-term indicators of hospitalization appeared to also be influenced by medical care supply factors, including the numbers of beds and physicians per capita. These nonpathological causal factors could also have influenced the findings of the time-series studies by introducing extraneous factors in the patterns of admissions. Although consistent associations have been shown between hospital use and air pollution, further research is required to distinguish among potentially responsible pollutants and to deduce specific dose-response relationships of general utility.

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“…For over forty years the increase in the ozone concentrations in the Los Angeles area has been followed and associations between high ozone levels and acute episodes of respiratory distress, including asthma have been documented. Indeed, hospital admissions were correlated with ozone levels in a 1966 report by Sterling et al (1966). Another study focused on 157 asthma patients and had each of them keep a diary of their asthma.…”

Section: Historical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Air Pollutants on Development of Allergic Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract

Gershwin

2003

Journal of Immunology Research

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The increased incidence of allergic asthma in the human population worldwide has stimulated many explanatory theories. A concomitant decrease in air quality leads to epidemiological and laboratory-based studies to demonstrate a link between air pollutants and asthma. Specifically, ozone, environmental tobacco smoke, and diesel exhaust are associated with enhancement of respiratory allergy to inhaled allergens. This review summarizes the state of the knowledge, both human epidemiology and laboratory animal experiments, linking air pollution to allergy. Critical issues involve development of the lung and the fetal immune response, and the potential for substances like ozone and ETS in the air to modulate early immune responses with lifelong consequences.

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Urban Morbidity and Air Pollution

Cited by 26 publications

References 5 publications

Cardiac Output Effects of 03 and No2 Exposure in Healthy Older Adults

Cardiac Output Effects of 03 and No2 Exposure in Healthy Older Adults

A critical review of studies of the association between demands for hospital services and air pollution.

Effects of Air Pollutants on Development of Allergic Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract

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