Urban Form In The First Millennium BC

Baker, Heather D.

doi:10.4324/9780203946237.ch5

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The pipes were stacked on top of each other, with a bell shaped design on the top, which connects to the toilet. The pipes have small orifices to facilitate drainage and frequently broken Bathrooms tend to be found in private houses which are larger than average size, and relatively few built toilets have been securely identified and they usually are located in the least accessible part of the house, as viewed from its main entrance [19] (p. 73). They were also located under the stairs when the building has more than one story [16] (p. 547).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Toilets Worldwide through the Millennia

Antoniou

Feo

Fardin³

et al. 2016

Sustainability

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Throughout history, various civilizations developed methodologies for the collection and disposal of human waste. The methodologies throughout the centuries have been characterized by technological peaks on the one hand, and by the disappearance of the technologies and their reappearance on the other. The purpose of this article is to trace the development of sewage collection and transport with an emphasis on toilets in ancient civilizations. Evolution of the major achievements in the scientific fields of sanitation with emphasis on the lavatory (or toilets) technologies through the centuries up to the present are presented. Valuable insights into ancient wastewater technologies and management with their apparent characteristics of durability, adaptability to the environment, and sustainability are provided. Gradual steps improved the engineering results until the establishment of the contemporary toilet system, which provides a combined solution for flushing, odor control, and the sanitation of sewerage. Even though the lack of proper toilet facilities for a great percentage of the present day global population is an embarrassing fact, the worldwide efforts through millennia for the acquisition of a well-engineered toilet were connected to the cultural level of each period.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%