“…The urban morphology affects the energy performance of buildings to a great extent due to the relationship between the building and its surroundings (e.g., shading, heat exchanges between buildings) and the type of outdoor surfaces ( Ahn and Sohn, 2019 , Mangan, Koclar Oral, Erdemir Kocagil and Sozen, 2021 , Javanroodi, Mahdavinejad and Nik, 2018 ). It is possible to reduce the space heating and cooling energy demand of buildings by optimizing the urban morphology ( Perera, Javanroodi, Wang and Hong, 2021 , Perera, Javanroodi and Nik, 2021 ). The urban morphology also modifies the microclimate conditions in urban areas, particularly in extreme weather conditions ( Javanroodi and Nik, 2020 ).…”