Urban benzene and population exposure

Cocheo, Vincenzo; Sacco, Paolo; Boaretto, Caterina; Saeger, E. De; Ballesta, Pascual Pérez; Skov, Henrik; Goelen, Eddy; Gonzalez, Norbert; Caracena, Antonia Baeza

doi:10.1038/35004651

Cited by 102 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Airborne benzene of indoor -most importantly from attached garages -and outdoor-origin and commuting exposures are all relevant for population exposures. Ambient air benzene policies affect from 50% (with indoor sources) to 90% (no known indoor sources) of the average urban population exposure and reduce the exposure by almost all of the ambient air concentration reduction (Cocheo et al, 2000;Edwards & Jantunen;Ilacqua & Jantunen, 2003;Lai et al, 2004;Pérez-Ballesta et al, 2006;Kotzias et al, 2009;Delgado-Saborit et al, 2009;Sarigiannis et al, 2011).…”

Section: Benzenementioning

confidence: 99%

A rapid assessment of the impact of hazard reduction burning around Sydney, May 2016

Broome¹,

Johnston

Horsley

et al. 2016

Medical Journal of Australia

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This document presents answers to 24 questions relevant to reviewing European policies on air pollution and to addressing health aspects of these policies. The answers were developed by a large group of scientists engaged in the WHO project "Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution -REVIHAAP". The experts reviewed and discussed the newly accumulated scientific evidence on the adverse effects on health of air pollution, formulating science-based answers to the 24 questions. Extensive rationales for the answers, including the list of key references, are provided. The review concludes that a considerable amount of new scientific information on the adverse effects on health of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, observed at levels commonly present in Europe, has been published in recent years. This new evidence supports the scientific conclusions of the WHO air quality guidelines, last updated in 2005, and indicates that the effects in some cases occur at air pollution concentrations lower than those serving to establish these guidelines. It also provides scientific arguments for taking decisive actions to improve air quality and reduce the burden of disease associated with air pollution in Europe.This publication arises from the project REVIHAAP and has been co-funded by the European Union. Keywords AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION -ADVERSE EFFECTS ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE GUIDELINES HEALTH POLICYAddress requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2013All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate borderlines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. ...

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Section: Benzenementioning

confidence: 99%

A rapid assessment of the impact of hazard reduction burning around Sydney, May 2016

Broome¹,

Johnston

Horsley

et al. 2016

Medical Journal of Australia

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“…A remarkable phenomenon for urban climates is that the temperatures of urban areas and their surrounding regions are different. The acceleration of urbanization, such as increased ISA and population density, would increase the UHI, which in turn would significantly increase energy consumption and atmospheric pollution (Cocheo et al, 2000) …”

Section: China's Vigorous Urban Expansion Is Facing Three Major Challmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and the way forward in China’s new-type urbanization

2016

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a b s t r a c tChina's urbanization has been a notable global event. The National New Urbanization Plan (2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020) unveiled by the Chinese Central Government revealed a new path for urbanization that accommodated unique Chinese characteristics. The most notable aspect was the transfer from land-centered urbanization to people-oriented urbanization. Given that land urbanization was the key to the previous orbit, this manuscript aims to analyze the evolution and challenge for land-centered urbanization, and way forward for people-oriented urbanization in China. With increasing urban populations and expanding industrial activities, China has experienced vigorous land urbanization and an uneven population distribution pattern since 1978. Land-centered urbanization has created some economic and social benefits, but has also posed many adverse impacts. The issues of the loss of arable land, the phenomenon of "ghost cities," and the urban heat island effect have become critical challenges. Eight suggestions from two perspectives are recommended in this manuscript for achieving new-type urbanization in China. We should give priority to this issue of the citizenization of peasant migrants. Government, scientists, and the public can all combine to influence the development trajectories of China's new-type urbanization.

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“…1,2 Entre os principais poluentes presentes em centros urbanos estão os compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), emitidos predominantemente pelos veículos automotores. Os COVs que têm proporcionado grande interesse científico para a qualidade do ar em áreas internas e externas são, especificamente, benzeno, tolueno, etillbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX), [2][3][4] devido ao seu elevado grau de toxicidade 2,5 e ao fato de se concentrarem muito próximo ao solo, em função das suas densidades serem maiores que a densidade do ar atmosférico. A Organização Mundial da Saúde 5 estimou que concentrações de benzeno de 1,7 μg m -3 podem causar 10 casos de leucemia em cada 1 milhão de habitantes.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Poluição e a densidade de vegetação: BTEX em algumas áreas públicas de Curitiba - PR, Brasil

Godoi

Azevedo

et al. 2010

Quím. Nova

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, BRAZIL. The occurrence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in some public areas of Curitiba-PR, Brazil, was evaluated. Their concentrations were then related to the vegetation's density in each area. Average benzene concentrations varied from 3.9 to 6.1 mg m -3, with higher values occurring in poorly dense vegetation areas. For toluene, average concentrations ranged from 6.5 to 7.2 mg m -3. The effect of such pollutants was evaluated by means of a bio indicator, Tillandsia stricta. Variation in total chlorophyll content and in stomatic density were detected in some samples and may be related to the BTEX concentrations found in the studied areas.Keywords: BTEX; urban traffic; bioindication. INTRODUÇÃOCom o progresso, o crescimento da população, a urbanização e o aumento da frota de veículos automotivos, observa-se um aumento progressivo na taxa de emissões de poluentes atmosféricos, tendo como consequência grandes problemas ambientais. Em ambientes externos, os principais responsáveis pelo aumento da poluição do ar são os processos de industrialização e urbanização, ocorridos com maior intensidade no século XX, destacando-se a queima de combustíveis fósseis por veículos automotores (combustão, perdas evaporativas na armazenagem e na distribuição de combustíveis), fontes fixas industriais e fumaça de cigarros. 1,2Entre os principais poluentes presentes em centros urbanos estão os compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), emitidos predominantemente pelos veículos automotores. Os COVs que têm proporcionado grande interesse científico para a qualidade do ar em áreas internas e externas são, especificamente, benzeno, tolueno, etillbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX), 10 Entretanto, a despeito desses dados, não existem estudos visando a avaliação das consequências da poluição atmosférica na cidade, o que motivou o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa.Os efeitos prejudiciais das emissões veiculares sobre as plantas expostas ao lado de rodovias são relatados em diversos estudos.11-14 Experimentos realizados por Song et al. 15 demonstraram que a redução das concentrações de BTEX em áreas internas é diretamente proporcional ao aumento da quantidade de plantas presentes. Considera-se, em muitos estudos publicados, que os COVs são biologicamente ativos, uma vez que são compostos que participam dos processos físico-químicos do metabolismo da planta. 16,17 Portanto, segundo Cape, 18 as plantas podem metabolizar, transportar e acumular os COVs nas folhas, vacúolos ou parede celular ou conduzir estes compostos, através de suas raízes, para o solo.As informações sobre a poluição atmosférica podem ser inferidas comparando-se a concentração da substância em estudo no tecido da planta. Tal análise apresenta menor custo para obtenção de informações sobre a qualidade ambiental de um local.19 Para avaliação do impacto causado na vegetação, o órgão mais estudado tem sido a folha, abordando-se principalmente alterações nas taxas fotossintéticas e respiratória 20 e aspectos estruturais, como reflexo das alterações metabólicas. 21 Entre os p...

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Urban benzene and population exposure

Cited by 102 publications

References 7 publications

A rapid assessment of the impact of hazard reduction burning around Sydney, May 2016

A rapid assessment of the impact of hazard reduction burning around Sydney, May 2016

Challenges and the way forward in China’s new-type urbanization

Poluição e a densidade de vegetação: BTEX em algumas áreas públicas de Curitiba - PR, Brasil

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