Abstract:The Turkish tea crop was contaminated following the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Finding ways to dispose of the contaminated tea (Camellia sinensis L.) without damaging the environment was the goal of this research conducted at the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEA). In this study, an investigation was made of 137Cs activities of the plants and the ratios of transfer of 137Cs activity to plants when the contaminated tea was applied to the soil. Experiments were conducted in the field and in pots under green… Show more
“…1, Birkle et al (1965)(Experiment a); 2, Andersen (1967); 3, Andersson and Lonsjo (1988); 4, Antonopoulos‐Domis et al (1990a); 5, Antonopoulos‐Domis et al (1990b); 6, Birkle et al (1965)(Experiment b); 7, Broadley and Willey (1997); 8, Buysse et al (1996); 9, Cline and Rickard (1972); 10, Clooth and Aumann (1990); 11, Colgan et al (1990); 12, Collander (1941); 13, Coughtrey et al (1989); 14, Demirel et al (1994); 15, Dushenkov et al (1999); 16, Evans and Dekker (1968); 17, Gouthu et al (1997); 18, Henrich et al (1990); 19, Horrill et al (1990); 20, Lasat et al (1997); 21, Lasat et al (1998); 22, Experimental Dataset 1; 23, Papanicolaou et al (1990); 24, Salt and Mayes (1991); 25, Salt et al (1992); 26, Salt and Mayes (1993); 27, Salt and Mayes (1990); 28, Skarlou et al (1999); 29, Tang and Wang (2002); 30, Tang and Willey (2003); 31, Experimental Dataset 2; 32, Experimental Dataset 3; 33, Tikhomirov et al (1981); 34, Experimental Dataset 4; 35, Experimental Dataset 5.…”
For (134/137)Cs, and many other soil contaminants, research into transfer to plants has focused on particular crops and phytoremediation candidates, producing uptake data for a small proportion of all plant taxa. Despite the significance of differences in uptake between plant taxa, the capacity of soil-to-plant transfer models to predict them is currently confined to those taxa for which data exist, there being no method to predict uptake by other taxa. We used residual maximum likelihood (REML) analysis on data from experiments (including 89 plant taxa from China plus 32 phytoremediation candidates) together with data from the literature, to construct a database of relative (134/137)Cs concentrations in 273 plant taxa. The REML (134/137)Cs concentrations in plants are not normally distributed but significantly clustered. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), coded with a recent ordinal phylogeny for flowering plants, showed that plant taxa do not behave independently for (134/137)Cs concentration because 42 and 15% of inter-taxa differences are associated with phylogeny above the species and ordinal level, respectively. In general, Eudicots, and especially the Caryophyllales, Asterales, and Brassicales, have high (134/137)Cs concentrations, while the Fabales and Magnoliids, in particular Poales, have low (134/137)Cs concentrations. Plants of the stress-tolerant ruderal (S-R) growth strategy sensu Grime have, in general, high concentrations of Cs, while those of the competitive (C) and generalist (C-S-R) strategies have low concentrations, although these effects are less pronounced than those of phylogeny. Plant phylogeny and growth strategy might thus be used to predict a significant portion of inter-taxa differences in plant uptake of (134/137)Cs.
“…1, Birkle et al (1965)(Experiment a); 2, Andersen (1967); 3, Andersson and Lonsjo (1988); 4, Antonopoulos‐Domis et al (1990a); 5, Antonopoulos‐Domis et al (1990b); 6, Birkle et al (1965)(Experiment b); 7, Broadley and Willey (1997); 8, Buysse et al (1996); 9, Cline and Rickard (1972); 10, Clooth and Aumann (1990); 11, Colgan et al (1990); 12, Collander (1941); 13, Coughtrey et al (1989); 14, Demirel et al (1994); 15, Dushenkov et al (1999); 16, Evans and Dekker (1968); 17, Gouthu et al (1997); 18, Henrich et al (1990); 19, Horrill et al (1990); 20, Lasat et al (1997); 21, Lasat et al (1998); 22, Experimental Dataset 1; 23, Papanicolaou et al (1990); 24, Salt and Mayes (1991); 25, Salt et al (1992); 26, Salt and Mayes (1993); 27, Salt and Mayes (1990); 28, Skarlou et al (1999); 29, Tang and Wang (2002); 30, Tang and Willey (2003); 31, Experimental Dataset 2; 32, Experimental Dataset 3; 33, Tikhomirov et al (1981); 34, Experimental Dataset 4; 35, Experimental Dataset 5.…”
For (134/137)Cs, and many other soil contaminants, research into transfer to plants has focused on particular crops and phytoremediation candidates, producing uptake data for a small proportion of all plant taxa. Despite the significance of differences in uptake between plant taxa, the capacity of soil-to-plant transfer models to predict them is currently confined to those taxa for which data exist, there being no method to predict uptake by other taxa. We used residual maximum likelihood (REML) analysis on data from experiments (including 89 plant taxa from China plus 32 phytoremediation candidates) together with data from the literature, to construct a database of relative (134/137)Cs concentrations in 273 plant taxa. The REML (134/137)Cs concentrations in plants are not normally distributed but significantly clustered. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), coded with a recent ordinal phylogeny for flowering plants, showed that plant taxa do not behave independently for (134/137)Cs concentration because 42 and 15% of inter-taxa differences are associated with phylogeny above the species and ordinal level, respectively. In general, Eudicots, and especially the Caryophyllales, Asterales, and Brassicales, have high (134/137)Cs concentrations, while the Fabales and Magnoliids, in particular Poales, have low (134/137)Cs concentrations. Plants of the stress-tolerant ruderal (S-R) growth strategy sensu Grime have, in general, high concentrations of Cs, while those of the competitive (C) and generalist (C-S-R) strategies have low concentrations, although these effects are less pronounced than those of phylogeny. Plant phylogeny and growth strategy might thus be used to predict a significant portion of inter-taxa differences in plant uptake of (134/137)Cs.
The concentrations of 4~ 226Ra, 232Th and |37Cs were determined in the upper layers of soils in the central coastal region of Venezuela. The activities of 137Cs are higher in the areas where the forest is well developed, oriented towards the wind and at higher elevations. The origin of the |37Cs deposition is from water input from the clouds directly in the cloudforest and rainfall from the northeast trade winds. Even though the values of 137Cs are much higher in these areas, there is little or no significant increase in the health risk. The natural radioactivity is correlated with the geology in the region except in the area of Urama. The values for the natural radiation background are as follows: for potassium between 1-3%, for radium between I-3 ppm and for thorium the range was 6-39 ppm. The corresponding amounts of absorbed dose rates in air, the exposure rates and the annual effective dose equivalents are in the following ranges respectively: 11-39 pGy/s, 4-16 uR/h and 0.25-0.86 mSv/y. The annual effective dose equivalents include the contribution of the global average (2.57 mSv/y) of the rest of the natural sources of radiation. Finally, the largest natural radioactivity background, was found near Chichiriviche as a result of the massive granite deposits in this area, but again there is no significant health risk.
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