Uptake and Translocation of Heavy Metals to Rice Plant on Paddy Soils in "Top-Rice" Cultivation Areas

Environmental toxicity due to cadmium (Cd) pollution in croplands causes critical problems worldwide. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop in Asia, including South Korea, and numerous studies have evaluated the relationship between Cd and antioxidants to alleviate Cd uptake from the soil into plants. However, information about the relationship between phosphorus (P) and antioxidants in rice seedlings is still limited with regard to Cd phytotoxicity. We therefore investigated the physiological responses of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv 'Dongjin') seedlings to Cd toxicity and the effect of P application on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant changes. The exposure of rice seedlings to 30 µM Cd inhibited plant growth; increased the contents of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde; and induced Cd uptake by the roots and leaves. Application of P to Cd-exposed seedlings decreased Cd-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the capacity of ascorbate (AsA) production and ROS-scavenging, and decreased Cd transfer from the roots to the leaves. These results suggest that P application alleviated Cd-induced growth inhibition and oxidative damage by restricting Cd translocation from the roots to the leaves and maintaining sufficient levels of AsA.Keywords: Antioxidant, Cadmium, Phosphorus, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Rice ) in roots (A, C) and leaves (B, D) of rice plants grown in the 30 µM Cd-treated hydroponics with or without 6 mM phosphorus (P) application at the four-leaf stage after 14 days.Ⓒ The Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Science and Fertilizer Vol. 50, No. 4, 2017 Introduction 세계적인 산업화 및 도시화는 농경지, 농업용수 그리고 생활용수 등의 오염수준을 급속히 증가시키고 있다 (Galiulin et al., 2001;Kirkham, 2006). 카드뮴 오염은 환경적으로 부정적인 영향을 끼칠 뿐만 아니라 먹이사슬의 최 정상에 위치한 인간의 건강을 위협하는 치명적인 위해요소로 간주되고 있다 (Jan et al., 2015;Nagajyoti et al., 2010). • Korean Journal of Soil카드뮴은 전반적인 식물생장에 부정적으로 작용하며 세포분열을 방해하여 뿌리의 신장을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 보조인 자로 필수금속이온 (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe 등)을 포함한 단백질들의 금속이온을 치환함으로써 펜톤반응 (fenton reaction)활성산소종 (reactive oxygen species, ROS)을 발생시켜 세포 내에서 지질과산화작용을 야기함으로써 세포막을 파괴 하고 최종적으로 세포를 사멸시킨다 (Barceló et al., 1988;Jung et al., 2015Jung et al., , 2016Lagriffoul et al., 1998;. 특히 카드뮴에 의해 발생된 산화적 스트레스는 활성산소종의 세포 내 축 적으로 인하여 탄수화물, 단백질, 지질 및 핵산의 생합성에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 산화 ․ 환원 항상성을 교란하여 정 상적인 생체 기능을 저해한다 (Gayomba et al., 2013;Singh and Agrawal, 2010;Singh et al., 2006, Xu et al., 2014. (Fig. 2). 이상의 결과에 근거하여, 벼 뿌리 및 잎으로의 카드뮴전이에 P의 시용효과가 확인되었다. 뿌리에서 16% 감소를 나타냈고, 특히 지상 부인 잎으로의 전이를 44% 감소시킴으로써 전반적인 카드뮴독성을 완화시키는 것으로 판단된다 (Jiang et al., 2007;Mishra et al., 2014;Sajwan et al., 2002). Table 1. Effects of the application of phosphorus (P) on the plant growth characteristics in rice plants grown in the 30 µM cadmium (Cd)-treated hydroponics ...

Section: Resultsunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

Effect of Phosphorus on the Cadmium Transfer and ROS-scavenging Capacity of Rice Seedlings

Jung¹,

Chae²,

Maria³

et al. 2017

“…비소에 의해 유도되는 활성산소종 소거에 대한 항산화효소 및 비효소적인 GSH의 역할과 기능은 다양한 식물을 이 용한 여러 연구들을 통하여 잘 구명되었지만 (Srivastava et al, 2010;Singh et al, 2015), 활성산소종에 의해 발생된 산화적인 스트레스 경감, 산화•환원조절, 세포주기, 세포성장 및 손상된 DNA 복구 등에 관여하는 AsA의 기능과 역 할은 아직도 연구가 미진한 상황이다 (Luwe, 1996;Akram et al, 2017) (Kamachi et al, 1991;Jung et al, 2017) MDA 생성량은 156 mM -1 cm -1 의 몰흡광계수를 사용하여 산출하였다 (Buege and Aust, 1978). (Fergusson, 1990;Park et al, 2009;Jung et al, 2015;Jung et al, 2016;Jung et al, 2017). Fig.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Effect of Ascorbate on the Arsenic Uptake, ROS-scavenging Capacity, and Antioxidant Homeostasis in Rice

Jung

Maria

Chae

et al. 2018

Environmental pollution with arsenic (As) in croplands causes agricultural and health problems worldwide. Rice is an important crop in South Korea, and many studies have evaluated the relationship between As and glutathione (GSH) to alleviate As uptake from the soil into plants. However, information about the relationship between As and ascorbate (AsA) in rice seedlings is still limited with regard to As phytotoxicity. We therefore investigated changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant levels in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv 'Dasan') seedlings with toxic As and/or AsA application. The exposure of rice seedlings to 15 µM As inhibited plant growth and resulted in increased contents of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde, and induced As uptake by the roots and leaves. Application of AsA to As-exposed seedlings ameliorated As-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the capacity of AsA-GSH cycle in applied plants and increasing As transfer from the roots to leaves. These results suggest that AsA application alleviated As-induced oxidative damage by maintaining sufficient levels of AsA and GSH.

“…또한 카드뮴은 자연생태계에 서 생물적 및 비생물적으로 분해되어 무독화 또는 안정화된 화합물의 형태로 변환되지 않고 자연생태계 내에 오랜 기간 존재하기 때문에 농경지와 농업용수를 오염시킬 뿐만 아니 라 먹이사슬을 통해 생물체 내에 고농도로 축적됨으로써 식 물 및 인체독성 피해를 야기하고 있다 (Galiulin et al, 2001;Jung et al, 2015;Nagajyoti et al, 2010 (Adriano, 1986;Han et al, 1997;Stevenson, 1994 (Fergusson, 1990;Jung et al, 2015;Lee et al, 2012;Park et al, 2009 (Adriano, 1986;Han et al, 1997;Stevenson, 1994). (Adriano, 1986;Han et al, 1997;Stevenson, 1994).…”

unclassified

Effect of Rice Straw Compost on Cadmium Transfer and Metal-ions Distribution at Different Growth Stages of Soybean

Jung

Chae

Maria

et al. 2016

In soil-to-plant transfer of heavy metals, the amount absorbed and accumulated varies depending on the environment conditions. The absorption rate of cadmium (Cd) in plants differs considerably depending on the bioavailability of Cd in the soil, while usage by various organic matters is also reported to affect absorption patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the difference in the transfer of essential metal ions and Cd to various plant parts when rice straw compost was used to cultivate soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Daepung). In the two-leaf stage of soybean cultivated in a greenhouse, Cd was mixed in the soil, after which the Cd and essential metal ions contents, and physiological changes of soybean seedlings were studied on the 15th and 25th day. The Cd toxicity in the plant was reduced with the use of rice straw compost. Further, the Cd content varied with the plant part, and was higher in young leaves (3rd and 4th leaf) than in the stem. When analyzed by leaf age, the Cd transfer was highest in young leaves (3rd and 4th leaf), followed by mature leaves (1st and 2nd leaf). While there was no significant difference between plant tissues in the absorption rate of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) when rice straw compost was used against Cd toxicity, the absorption rate of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) showed a significant decline in both the control and rice straw compost treatment conditions, as well as a significant difference between leaf ages. Therefore, these results confirm that the use of rice straw compost against Cd toxicity is effective, and implies that the rate of Cd transfer in the soybean plant varies significantly with leaf age.Key words: Cadmium, Metal-ions distribution, Rice straw compost, SoybeanEffects of the application of rice straw compost on Cd concentrations in stems, mature leaves (1st, 2nd leaf), and young leaves (3rd, 4th leaf) of soybean plants grown on the Cd-contaminated soils for 15 days (A) and 25 days (B).